Dongosolo visankho - ndondomeko demokalase

dongosolo visankho - ndi njira mwalamulo kumangako kuimira zofuna za anthu akuluakulu a boma ndi makonsolo. zimagwirira oterowo anapanga ku magwero zitatu: kuchokera mfundo dziko lalikhulu ladziko ndipo zinachitikira m'mbiri ya kusankha anthu a atsogoleri a mfundo mayiko (malamulo adziko lonse), komanso miyambo ya maganizo a ndale ofala mu dera. Limodzi, zigawo zitatu izi kupanga kukana zotsatira andale, amene amapereka mwa makope okhazikika ndi kusintha osankhika chipani chifaniziro pakati ndi pansi.

Lingaliro la dongosolo visankho

Mu sayansi ndale, ndi mu jurisprudence waima matanthauzo awiri a dongosolo lino masankho. The choyamba oyamba ndi kuteteza mfundo malamulo a chisankho oimira anthu, monga tanenera. The tanthauzo chachiwiri limasonyeza kuti dongosolo la masankho - ndi zolimbana mchitidwe wa ochuluka a mavoti mu masankho paliponse. Yodziwika ndi mbali ziwiri za njira imeneyi. Choyamba, dongosolo lililonse masankho si poyera kuti kafukufuku chosakhalitsa. Choncho, likukhalira ndondomeko chisankho, ndi mavoti ambiri chizengerezo; sadalira pa chifuniro cha mtsogoleri ndale, kapena kusankha chipani lalikulu. Chachiwiri, kusungidwa ndi utsogoleri kasamalidwe "mipata" pakati pa bureaucracy mkati ndi woyamba chipani cha osewera. M'madera demokalase pamakhala vuto kumene mtsogoleri onse akulowa nkhondo zobisika ndi nthumwi za mabungwe m'deralo kapena zolinga payekha mtumiki oletsedwa m'madipatimenti utumiki chifukwa chakuti zochita za akuluakuluwo ndi lalikulu sikudalira ndondomeko munthu chifuniro mtumiki.

kachitidwe Electoral yosiyanasiyana awo

Miyambo mapangidwe kachitidwe masankho kubwerera osati mbiri, komanso zinachitikira achipembedzo. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga chikutanthauza - England, pamene dongosolo awiri chipani inayambira mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni, m'kukoma zotsutsana ndi maphwando ndiye ochiritsira kuti "City" ndi "Lancaster". Pankhani ya atasemphana achipembedzo mchitidwewu, chikutanthauza Ndi mmene chitsanzo cha Germany - Akatolika kusankha yowayenera CDU-CSU ndi Aprotestanti kugwirizana kumanzere Democrats Social. Monga wapadera (sanali lamanja ndi lamanzere) ndi zina "wobiriwira," womwe kale kuimira latsopano, "pambuyo capitalist" anthu oponya mavoti.

Chirichonse chomwe icho chinali, pa mphindi pali zitatu kachitidwe masankho: majoritarian, molingana ndi kusakaniza.

poyela Majoritarian - ndi kusankha kwa kazembe wina mu ndondomeko pa mndandanda umene maphwando ndi otchedwa kudziletsa ankalimbikitsa. Wopambana chisanko Munthuyo omwe amalandira wachibale kapena mtheradi ambiri mavoti. Nthawi zina anayesedwa otchedwa oyenerera ambiri monga osankhidwa a phungu omwe amalandira kuposa 2/3 la avotera.

poyela njila - ndi chisankho cha akuluakulu pamaziko a mndandanda anagonjera phwando. Pankhaniyi, voti akanakhoza kutenga malo kapena kokha chifukwa chipani ( "anatseka" mndandanda kwaiye phungu ndipo sanali poyera adzaponye chisanko), kapena onse maphwando ndi limatchula nthawi yomweyo ( "lotseguka"). Mu malamulo kugwa chipani, kupeza anthu ena a mavoti pa chisankho. Kawirikawiri 3-5%, mu Israel, 1%, m'mayiko ena, 7%, ndipo ambiri. Kapangidwe Personal cha akuluakulu aumbike pamaziko a ŵakwenera kukavota ndandanda. Choncho, likukhalira kuti dongosolo la masankho - ndi limagwirira kuti kutembenuka kwa elites andale, osalola kuti monopolize mphamvu kapena zina mphamvu zake.

dongosolo A wosanganiza kumafuna kuphatikiza machenjerero njila ndipo ambiri Kuvota. Mwachitsanzo, 50% ya mipando osankhidwa malinga ndi mndandanda chipani ndipo hafu inayo - mu ambiri. Komabe, kwenikweni, ndipo mu mulandu wina, patsogolo zapatsidwa kwa nominees phwando. Akukhulupirira kuti dongosolo la masankho - ndi chifaniziro ndale. Ndipo angapereke chabe ofuna ku zipani kapena mabungwe onse.

Russian poyela adzatenge chisankho aphungu pa maziko njila. The State Duma kulowa mabungwe andale, amene anapindula kwambiri kuposa 7% ya mavoti onse. mndandanda Party atsekedwa. Amaganiza kuti yotsatira mkombero chisankho, inakonzedwa 2016, pakhomo masankho adzakhala adatchithisira kuti 5%. N'kutheka kuti ndi nthawi imeneyi, padzakhala ena kusinthidwa zina za njira kukavota.