Dzhon Fon Neyman: Wambiri ndi zolemba

ndi Von Neumann ndi ndani? dzina lake ndi bwino kuti misa waukulu anthu, wasayansi sankadziwa ngakhale ndi chidwi chachikulu masamu apamwamba. Chinthu ndi kuti zachitika ndi mfundo zomveka bwino za kugwira ntchito kompyuta. Pakali pano, izo akuyendera mamiliyoni makompyuta kunyumba ndi kuofesi.

Kupambana wamkulu wa Neumann

Iye ankatchedwa munthu masamu makina, munthu opanda cholakwa maganizo. Iye moona mtima wokondwa pamene anakumana ndi zovuta cilamulo ntchito imene ikusowa osati chilolezo, komanso isanafike chilengedwe cha chida wapadera. Wasayansi yekha, mwaulemu nthawi zonse, mwachidule kwambiri, zaposachedwapa - mfundo zitatu - kuwerenga zopereka ake masamu:

- maziko a kwadzidzidzi zimango;

- chilengedwe cha chiphunzitso cha ntchito chosefukira;

- chiphunzitso ergodic.

Iye sanandiuze zopereka zake pa ganizo la masewera, zikamera wa makompyuta pakompyuta, automata chiphunzitso. Zimenezi n'zomveka, chifukwa anakambirana za masamu maphunziro, komwe zimene anachita ngati mapiri ngati mmene la nzeru anthu, komanso ntchito Anri Puankare, David Hilbert, Germana Veylya.

Sociable mtundu sangvinistichesky

Ngakhale anzake onse anakumbukira kuti pamodzi ndi mphamvu zoposa za ntchito, Von Neumann kuona lowopsya la nthabwala, anali wongonena waluntha, ndipo kwawo ku Princeton (atasamukira ku United States) linkatchedwa bwino kwambiri alendo ndiponso ochezeka. Mabwenzi a moyo zilibe chayali ndipo ngakhale litakhala diso otchedwa chabe dzina la Johnny.

Iye anali kwambiri atypical masamu. chidwi Chihangare anthu ake miseche modabwitsa zosangalatsa. Komabe, iye anali oposa amalolera zofooka za anthu. Chinthu chokha chimene iye anaumirirabe - mu chinyengo maphunziro.

Scientist monga kutolera zofooka zaumunthu ndi quirks kwa akonzedwa ziwerengero machitidwe kupatuka. Iye ankakonda mbiri, mabuku, Buku kuloweza mfundo ndi madeti. Von Neumann kupatula chinenero bwinobwino amalankhula English, German, French. Iye ananenanso, ngakhale popanda zofooka mu Spanish. Ine ndimawerenga ku Latin ndi Greek.

Zimangooneka ngati namatetule izi? Full munthu wa msinkhu sing'anga mu suti imvi ndi mumasangalala nawo, koma m'goli, koma mwanjira yomweyo mofulumira ndi decelerating gait. Ozama maso. Good conversationalist. Pa nkhani chidwi akhoza kulankhula kwa maola.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Wambiri Von Neumann akuyamba ndi 23.12.1903 chaka. Pa tsikuli ku Budapest mu banki banja Max Von Neumann János anabadwa, wamkulu pa ana atatu. Kwa Iye mtsogolo kudutsa Atlantic kukhala Yohane. Mmene kulili maphunziro oyenera moyo wa munthu, kukhala ndi luso lawo chilengedwe! Ngakhale pamaso pa sukulu ganyu John anakonza ophunzitsa bambo. sekondale walandira mnyamata osankhika a Lutheran zolimbitsa thupi. Mwa njira, ndi iye anaphunzira E. Wigner, tsogolo wopambana Nobel Prize.

Ndiye mnyamata maphunziro a University of Budapest. Kuti ndi chimwemwe, ngakhale sekondale pamene János anakumana ndi mphunzitsi wa Masamu Laslo Makoswe. Izi ndi zimene mphunzitsi ndi likulu kalata anapatsidwa mnyamatayu kutsegula m'tsogolo wanzeru masamu. Iye anadzetsa pa bwalo la Chihangare János masamu osankhika, imene zeze woyamba kusewera Lipot Fejer. Chifukwa cha zothandizira mipingo yawo ya M. Fekete ndi J. Von Neumann Kyurshaka kale pofika nthawi ya matriculation amazipeza academia mbiri luntha achinyamata. adzayambira anali kwenikweni oyambirira. pepala lake loyamba sayansi, "Pa kufalitsa ziro osachepera wa polynomials" János analemba pa zaka 17.

Achikondi ndi tingachipeze powerenga adagulung'undisa mu umodzi

Neumann amaima pakati pa masamu wolemekezeka kwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana. Kupatula mwina yekha chiphunzitso cha manambala, nthambi zina zonse masamu amakhala osiyana anasonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro masamu Chihangare. Asayansi (gulu B. Oswald) mwina Romantics (magudumu maganizo), kapena zapamwamba (angathe kuchotsa zotsatira za maganizo ndi zopanga chiphunzitso wathunthu.) Iwo akhoza zimachitika mitundu onse. Zikuimira chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva ntchito yaikulu Neumann maziko, motero chodetsa m'madera a masamu limene zikugwirizanirana.

1. Ikani chiphunzitso :

- "Pa axioms chiphunzitso akonzedwa" (1923).

- "Kuti Hilbert umboni chiphunzitso" (1927).

2. Game chiphunzitso:

- "Pa chiphunzitso cha masewera njira" (1928).

- ntchito wofunikila "khalidwe Economic ndi masewera chiphunzitso" (1944).

3. kwadzidzidzi zimango:

- "Pa maziko a kwadzidzidzi zimango" (1927).

- Buku "masamu Madziko a kusintha kwadzidzidzi Zimango" (1932).

4. Ergodic chiphunzitso:

- "Pa ajebura wa ntchito zinchito .." (1929).

- A mndandanda wa ntchito "Pa mphete za ntchito" (1936 - 1938).

5. Mapulogalamu kulenga kompyuta:

- "n'zosangalatsa kumva inversion wa mawerengetsedwe dongosolo kumwamba" (1938).

- "Kukamba ndi General Chiphunzitsochi wa Automata" (1948).

- "kaphatikizidwe machitidwe odalirika ndi zinthu wosadalirika" (1952).

Poyamba Dzhon Fon Neyman akuti luso munthu wotanganidwa ndi sayansi amakonda. Malinga ndi iye, dzanja la Mulungu kwa anthu kukhala masamu ndi zaka 26. Zinali oyambirira chiyambi, malinga ndi asayansi, ndi thunthu zofunika. Ndiye, pa otsatira "Mfumukazi ya sayansi", nthawi ya kudziŵa akatswiri.

Kukula zikomo makumi imene choyenereza malinga Neumann, izo compensates kuti kuchepa kwa luso lachibadwa. Komabe, ngakhale patapita zaka zambiri wasayansi wolemekezeka ndi mphatso ndi chodabwitsa ntchito, kukhala wopandamalire pa chikalata cha ntchito zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, maziko masamu chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi anamutenga patangotha zaka ziwiri. Kuphunzira mozama, zinali yokwana makumi a zaka za ntchito ya dera lonse sayansi.

Pa mfundo za Von Neumann

Kodi kawirikawiri anayamba maphunziro awo aang'ono Neumann za ntchito zimene aphunzitsi otchuka ananena kuti "ndi zikhadabo za mkango kuphunzira"? Iye atayamba vutolo, poyamba anakonza dongosolo la axioms.

Tiyeni tione nkhani zosiyanasiyana. ndi mfundo za Von Neumann, namwalira mu chiphunzitso cha nzeru zawo masamu yomanga kompyuta chiyani? zomveka yaikulu axioms. Si kuti wanzeru sayansi yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale kundipatsa malonjezano amenewa!

Iwo olimba ndi substantive, ngakhale theorist kwalembedwa, pamene kompyuta sinali pamaso:

1. Makompyuta kuyesetsa ndi manambala akuimira mu mawonekedwe bayinare. Last chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi katundu wa semiconductors.

2. The ndondomeko kompyuta amapangidwa ndi makina ankalamulira kudzera pulogalamu ulamuliro, omwe ndi ndondomeko formalized malamulo executable.

3. chikumbukiro kompyuta amachita ntchito wapawiri: yosungirako ndi deta ndi mapulogalamu. Ndipo iwo ndi ena ndiyotengera mu mawonekedwe bayinare. Access pulogalamu ndi ofanana ndi mwayi deta. Malinga ndi mtundu wa deta zimafanana, koma zosiyana m'njira ya processing ndi kupeza kukumbukira selo.

4. maselo Memory Addressable kompyuta. Pa adiresi ena, mukhoza nthawi kulumikiza deta kusungidwa mu foni. Choncho ntchito ya zosintha mapulogalamu.

5. makonzedwe a wapadera kuphedwa dongosolo la malamulo kutsatira mfundo makonzedwe. Komabe, iwo adzathamanga mu chilengedwe cha mayina awo, ndi kutsatira mapulogalamu mwachindunji kutsata kusintha.

sayansi chidwi

Chiyembekezo Neumann wandilora kupeza mfundo masamu m'dziko lonse la zochitika thupi. mfundo John Von Neumann anapangidwa ntchito kulenga pamodzi kulenga kompyuta EDVAK ndi asayansi thupi.

Mmodzi wa iwo, dzina Ulam anakumbukira kuti John yomweyo anamvetsetsa maganizo awo, ndiye kuti ubongo wake kuti amasulire m'chinenero cha masamu. Kulola akuti anakonza ndi dera (prikidochnye kuwerengetsa wasayansi nthawi yomweyo kutulutsa mmalingaliro), izo Motero kuzindikiridwa akamanena za vutolo. Ndipo chomaliza ntchito ndi deductive Chihangare kusandulika kumbuyo anapeza kuti "chinenero cha sayansi," ndipo anapereka mfundo kwambiri panopa kakasi anzake.

deductive amenewo chidwi kwambiri anzake amene anali nawo chitukuko cha polojekiti.

Analytical kulingalira ntchito kompyuta

Mfundo za ntchito kwa kompyuta Von Neumann amapereka makina osiyana ndi mbali mapulogalamu. Ngati inu kusintha pulogalamu akwaniritsa magwiridwe malire. Wasayansi anakwanitsa efficiently kwambiri analytically kudziwa waukulu zinchito zinthu za dongosolo m'tsogolo. Monga mchitidwe kulamulira, iye ankaganiza kuti mayankho. Wasayansi anaperekanso dzina la chipangizo mayunitsi zinchito, omwe anakhala chinsinsi tsogolo la ulimi zambiri. Motero, kompyuta kungoganiza Von Neumann inkakhala:

- kompyuta kukumbukira kapena kusunga chipangizo (chidule - SP);

- ndi masamu-mfundo Unit (ALU);

- unit ulamuliro (Cu);

- athandizira ndi linanena bungwe zipangizo.

Ngakhale kukhala m'nthawi ina, tingathe kuzindikira iwo akwaniritsa wanzeru mfundo ngati epiphany ndi, vumbulutso. Komabe, kwenikweni anali? Ndipotu dongosolo pamwamba, kwenikweni, anali chipatso cha ntchito yapadera makina zomveka mu mawonekedwe, dzina limene anthu - Neiman.

Masamu anakhala chida chachikulu. Mapulaneti zinalengedwa zolembedwa za chinthu choterocho, mwatsoka, kale tingachipeze powerenga za mochedwa Umberto Eco. "Genius nthawi zonse kusewera pa chinthu china. Koma masewerawa ndi wanzeru kuti masewerawa zikuphatikizapo zinthu zina zonse! "

Zinchito chithunzi cha kompyuta

Mwa njira, kumvetsa kwake kwa katswiri sayansi ananena m'nkhani "Masamu". Patsogolo sayansi aliyense amaona mu mphamvu yake m'munda masitepe masamu njira. Kuti mawerengeredwe masamu wochitidwa ndi iwo wakhala mbali yofunika anatulukira tatchulawa. Nthawi zambiri, chakale mamangidwe a Von Neumann imawoneka, monga tikuonera taperekachi.

zolinga zawo ntchito motere: deta pachiyambi, ndi pulogalamu zimalowa dongosolo kudzera chipangizo ndi athandizira. Kenako iwo kukonzedwa mu ndi masamu mfundo Unit (ALU). Iwo udzapereka malamulo. Aliyense wa iwo muli mfundo: zimene maselo ayenera deta yomwe wotuluka pa iwo kuchita, kumene kupulumutsa zotsatira (inawo akuyendera kukumbukira - kukumbukira). deta ikhoza kupangitsa ungakhalenso linanena bungwe mwachindunji kudzera chipangizo ndi linanena bungwe. Pankhaniyi (monga kuyenera yosungirako mu kukumbukira), iwo ndinazolowera maganizo anthu.

General Administration ndi mgwirizano pamwamba mayunitsi structural ofunitsitsa ndi unit ulamuliro (Cu). Iwo akulamulira ntchito anatumizidwa pulogalamu kauntala, kuwatsogolera ndi mlandu mosamala kuti kunyongedwa awo.

Zochitika m'mbiri

Kukhala yovuta, ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ntchito pa chilengedwe cha kompyuta akali gulu. Makompyuta Von Neumann mwakuchita kuti ndi ndalama Ballistic Laboratory wa US asilikali. Mbiri chochitika, chifukwa cha mmene ntchito yonse imene asayansi GULU zimachitika John Von Neumann, anabadwa mwa ngozi. chakuti malongosoledwe ambiri a zomangamanga (chomwe imatumizidwa ku mudzi sayansi review) akupanga siginecha limodzi pa tsamba loyamba. Ndipo anali siginecha Neumann. Choncho, chifukwa cha malamulo a kalembera wa zotsatira za asayansi kufufuza kuganiza kuti wolemba cha ntchito zonsezi wakhala lonse odziwika Chihangare.

m'malo mapeto

Mu chilungamo tisaiwale kuti ngakhale lero lonse la masamu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha malingaliro kompyuta kuposa mphamvu za chitukuko chamakono. Makamaka, ntchito ya Von Neumann adafotokoza kupereka machitidwe mudziwe mwayi kubereka. Ndipo otsiriza, yosatha ntchito lace sverhaktualno ngakhale lero: "The kompyuta ndi ubongo."