Gasi: chilinganizo. Chemical chilinganizo mpweya. mitundu yonse ya gasi

Lero tikudziwa zosiyanasiyana mpweya. Ena mwa anthu awa alandira njira zasayansi mankhwala, ena anapanga okha chifukwa cha zochita monga ndi-mankhwala. Ndipo kodi gasi amatuluka mu chikhalidwe? Waukulu ngati mpweya zachilengedwe, magwero achilengedwe anayi:

• gasi, amene chilinganizo cha CH _4;
• Asafe, N _2;
• wa hydrogen, H _2;
• carbon dioxide, NKHA _2.

Kumene, pali ena - mpweya, sulfide wa hydrogen, amoniya, mipweya inert, mpweya monoxide. Komabe, pamwamba ndi lofunikira kwambiri kuti anthu ndi kupiphatisa zolinga zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhuni.

Kodi gasi?

gasi chikudziwika ngati zimenezi, chikhalidwe amatipatsa. Ndiko kuti, zili omwe mkati mwa Lapansi ndi apamwamba ndipo kuposa ndalama kuti analandira makampani chifukwa cha zochita mankhwala.

Imadziwika monga gasi, methane, koma zimenezi si zoona. Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa zikuchokera tuzigawo twa mpweya, tikuona chigawo chake chamawa zikuchokera:

• dziko (96%);
• ethane;
• propane;
• byuteni;
• haidrojeni;
• mpweya woipa;
• asafe;
• sulfide wa hydrogen (yaing'ono, kufufuza ndalama).

Choncho zikuoneka kuti gasi - kusokonezeka a angapo mpweya mwachibadwa zikuchitika.

gasi: chilinganizo

Kuyambira mankhwala mawonedwe gasi ndi osakaniza a chimasanduka liniya losavuta kapangidwe - methane, ethane, propane ndi byuteni. Komabe, kuyambira buku ikuluikulu ya dziko lonse, anavomereza ambiri chilinganizo gasi mwachindunji kufotokoza chilinganizo dziko. Choncho, likukhalira kuti chilinganizo mankhwala gasi dziko CH _4.

The zigawo zikuluzikulu otsala zotsatirazi chilinganizo wazotsatira mu umagwirira:

• ethane - C ₂ H _6;
• propane - C ₃ H _8;
• byuteni - C ₄ H _10;
• mpweya woipa - NKHA _2;
• asafe - N _2;
• H - H _2;
• sulfide wa hydrogen - H ₂ S.

A chisakanizo cha zinthu zina ndi gasi. Chilinganizo dziko Aika pawiri limasonyeza kuti zili mpweya zake ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Amakhudza katundu thupi, monga luso kuwotcha colorless, kwathunthu kusuta mfundo. Anthu ena ake mndandanda magazi (mndandanda zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka kapena alkanes) pa kuyaka kupanga wakuda wautsi lawi.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Mu chikhalidwe, gasi izi zimapezeka mobisa kwambiri, wakuda ndi wandiweyani zigawo thanthwe nyanja. Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri zikuluzikulu za chiyambi cha gasi m'chilengedwe.

1. Chiphunzitso kayendedwe tectonic miyala. Gululi chiphunzitso ichi amakhulupirira kuti chimasanduka zili matumbo a dziko lapansi ndipo nthawi zonse anakweza chifukwa kayendedwe tectonic ndi mabala mmwamba. Pa pamwamba pa kuthamanga ndi kusintha kutentha kuwapanga iwo chifukwa cha zochita mankhwala awiri mchere zachilengedwe - mafuta ndi gasi.
2. chiphunzitso Biogenic zikusonyeza njira ina imene gasi aumbike. chilinganizo umalimbikitsa Mkhalidwe kapangidwe kake - mpweya ndi wa hydrogen, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti mapangidwe ake anatenga anthu chifukwa organic amene mitembo kusonkhana makamaka imangidwa ndi zinthu izi, ngati zamoyo zonse padziko lino limene alipo lero. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zotsalira za zomera ndi nyama zakufa Amira pansipa pansi pa madzi, kumene kunali ngakhale mpweya kapena mabakiteriya angathe kuwola ndinso ndi akonzanso nkhani organic. Chifukwa cha anaerobic kuwola a zotsalira zazomera kwachitika, ndipo pa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, gwero la mchere awiri - mafuta ndi gasi. Choncho chifukwa cha zonse za yemweyo - izo chimasanduka mwina otsika kulemera zinthu maselo. Mankhwala opangidwa ndi mpweya ndi mafuta akutsimikizira icho. Komabe, atadziŵa zinthu zosiyana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana anapanga: a kuthamanga ndi kutentha - mafuta, otsika - mafuta.

Lero, minda yaikulu ndi nkhokwe gasi ndi mayiko monga Russia, USA, Canada, Iran, Norway ndi Netherlands.

Malinga uliri wa loitanirana cha gasi sangathe nthawi zonse zili yekha mu chikhalidwe mpweya. Pali zingapo zimene mungachite kuti condensation ndi:

1. mafuta kusungunuka mamolekyulu mafuta.
2. Gasi kusungunuka mamolekyulu madzi.
3. Gasi hydrates kupanga olimba.
4. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa - gaseous pawiri.

Aliyense wa limati awa ali kumunda yake, ndipo ndi wamtengo wapatali kwambiri anthu.

Mulowa mu zasayansi ndi makampani

Kuwonjezera pa malo gasi kupanga pali njira kuti mu labu. Njirazi Koma ndithu kugwiritsidwa ntchito magulu ang'onoang'ono a mankhwala, kuyambira zachilengedwe mtengo mpweya kukhazikitsa mu kaphatikizidwe zasayansi si kopindulitsa.

njira Laboratory:

1. Hydrolysis otsika maselo mankhwala - zotayidwa carbide: AL ₄ C ₃ + 12H ₂ O = 3CH ₄ + 4AL (o) _3.
2. Sodium nthochi pamaso pa soda: CH ₃ COOH + NaOH = CH ₄ + Na ₂ NKHA _3.
3. Kuyambira syngas: NKHA + 3H ₂ = CH ₄ + H ₂ O.
4. Kuyambira zinthu yosavuta - mpweya ndi wa hydrogen - pa kutentha yapamwamba ndi anzawo.

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi gasi wa methane chilinganizo zimaonekera, kotero kuti onse zochita khalidwe la alkanes, yodziwika kwa mpweya anapatsidwa.

makampani opangidwa dziko m'zigawo ku madipoziti zachilengedwe ndi zina processing wa ting'onoting'ono. Komanso, mankhwala mpweya chofunika zosowa kukonza. Pambuyo gasi dziko chilinganizo amaonetsera mbali ya zigawo kuti lili. Ntchito m'banja ayenera mpweya oyera okhala palibe zinthu zina kuposa dziko. Detachable ethane, propane, byuteni ndi mpweya ena komanso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

thupi katundu

gasi aone kuti pali amapereka lingaliro la makhalidwe thupi ayenera kulilandira. Taganizirani zimene mtundu wa makhalidwe.

1. Colorless olimba, odorless.
2. Zoyerekeza kachulukidwe zimasiyanasiyana pakati makilogalamu 0,7-1 / mamita ^3.
3. The kuyaka kutentha 650 ⁰ C.
4. Pafupifupi kawiri opepuka kuposa mpweya.
5. Kutentha anamasulidwa ndi kuyaka wa mita kiyubiki wina mpweya, wofanana joules miliyoni 46.
6. Pa woipa apamwamba (pa 15%) mu mpweya mpweya zachiwawa kwambiri.
7. Pamene ntchito monga mafuta zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho octeni chiwerengero wofanana 130.

The mpweya koyera analandira pokhapokha kudutsa izo kupyolera wapadera mankhwala zomera (zomera), amene anaimika pa malo a malasha m'zigawo.

ntchito

Pali malo angapo chachikulu cha ntchito gasi. Pambuyo Kuwonjezera chigawo waukulu, mpweya umene chilinganizo CH ₄ ntchito ndi mbali zina zonse kusakaniza.

1. Kugula dera la moyo. Apa limanena za kuphika mafuta, magetsi ndi nyumba, mafuta boilers ndi zina zotero. The mpweya ntchito kuphikira, kuwonjezera zinthu zapadera cha gulu la mercaptans. Izi zachitika kuonetsetsa kuti likhoza kutayikira a mipope mpweya kapena zolakwa zina zomwe anthu akhoza fungo ndi kuchitapo kanthu. gasi zoweta osakaniza (zomwe ndi osakaniza a propane ndi byuteni) ndi zachiwawa kwambiri mu woipa apamwamba. Mercaptans komanso kupanga yeniyeni ndi zosasangalatsa fungo la gasi. Ndondomeko limapangidwa wa zinthu monga sulfure ndi phosphorous, amene amapereka iwo kulunjika.

2. mankhwala kupanga. M'dera lino, poyambira zipangizo chachikulu zochita zambiri zofunika popanga mankhwala ndi gasi, chilinganizo chimene timasonyeza syntheses zimene zikhoza nawo:

• maziko kupanga mapulasitiki, ndiwo ambiri masiku ano mfundo pafupifupi m'madera onse a makampani;
• zipangizo mu kaphatikizidwe ethynyl, cyanide hydrogen ndi ammonia. Sami mankhwala amenewa m'tsogolo kupita kupanga ulusi ambiri kupanga ndi nsalu, feteleza ndi kutchinjiriza yomanga;
• labala, methanol, organic zidulo - anapanga kuchokera methane ndi zinthu zina. Ntchito pafupifupi m'mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu;
• polyethylene ndi mankhwala ena ambiri kupanga chilengedwe analandira kuthokoza dziko.

3. Ntchito nkhuni. Komanso chifukwa cha mtundu uliwonse wa ntchito anthu, kuyambira kudzaza mtundu yoyenera nyali tebulo ndi zomera matenthedwe mphamvu. Mtundu wa mafuta akuti ndi zosawononga chilengedwe lolondola ndi koyenera maziko a njira zonse zina. Komabe, kuyaka kwa dziko kupanga mpweya woipa ndi mabuku ena aliwonse organic. Ndipo amadziwika kuti chifukwa cha zotsatira kutentha dziko lapansi. Choncho, anthu ayenera kupeza ntchito kwambiri wangwiro ndi apamwamba mphamvu matenthedwe.

Ndicho magwero zonse zoyambirira kuti ntchito gasi. Chilinganizo iye, ngati inu kutenga zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse zovuta, limasonyeza kuti pafupifupi gwero zongowonjezwdwa, nthawi yokha muyenera kuchita kwambiri. Dziko lathu ndi nkhokwe ya gasi ndi mwayi kwambiri chifukwa kuchuluka kwa chuma zachilengedwe zotero lidzakhalapo kwa zaka mazana, osati Russia koma mayiko ena ambiri kudzera katundu.

asafe

Ndi mbali ya mafuta ndiponso gasi madipoziti. Komanso, mafuta ali ndi mbali yaikulu ya buku mu mpweya (78%) ndi kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala zachirengedwe nitrate lithosphere.

Monga mankhwala osavuta pafupifupi ntchito ndi zamoyo asafe. Ndondomeko ili ya mtundu ₂ N, kapena, mwa mawu a nsinga mankhwala, N≡N. Pamaso pa kugwirizana cholimba limasonyeza mkulu bata ndi mankhwala inertness la tinthu m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa. Izi ndi zimene anafotokoza kuti kuli a wambirimbiri mafuta izi mu ufulu mawonekedwe mu mlengalenga.

Mu chinthu yosavuta angathe atathana asafe zamoyo makamaka - rhizobia. Iwo ndiye kukonzedwa mu mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri kwa mbewu mpweya chotero kunyamula mchere zakudya kachitidwe chomera mizu.

Pali mankhwala angapo zikuluzikulu, mu mawonekedwe omwe alipo mu chikhalidwe asafe. Dongosolo la zotsatirazi:

• oxides - NO _2, N ₂ O, N ₂ O _5;
• asidi - nitrous ndi nitric HNO ₂ HNO ₃ (opangidwa ndi kukha kwa oxides mu mlengalenga mphezi);
• nitrate - KNO _3, nano _3, ndi zina zotero.

Man asafe ntchito osati monga mpweya, koma boma madzi. Amatha kukhala madzi pa kutentha m'munsimu -170 ⁰ C, zomwe zimachititsa kuti oyenera kuzizira masamba ndi nyama zimakhala, zipangizo zambiri. N'chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri asafe ndi mankhwala.

Komanso asafe ndi maziko kupeza munthu mgwirizano waukulu - ammonia. Yopanga tonnage zinthu, monga chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zapakhomo ndipo makampani (kukonzekera rubbers, utoto, mapulasitiki, ulusi kupanga, organic zidulo, kupanga utoto, mabomba ndi zina zotero).

mpweya woipa

ndi chilinganizo cha mankhwala chiyani? Mpweya woipa kwalembedwa monga NKHA _2. Covalent chomangira mu molekyulu ofooka kumalo ozizira, wapawiri mphamvu olimba mankhwala pakati pa carbon ndi oxygen. Izi zikusonyeza wokhazikika ndi inertness wa molekyulu pansi zinthu zachilendo. Zimenezi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kukhalapo kwa ufulu wa carbon dioxide mu mlengalenga.

Nkhanizi ndi chigawo chimodzi cha gasi, mafuta, ndiponso amasonkhana m'mwamba wa dzikoli, kuchititsa otchedwa zotsatira kutentha.

Kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka kuyaka cha mtundu uliwonse mafuta organic. Kaya malasha, nkhuni, mpweya kapena mafuta ena, kuyaka wathunthu chifukwa mu madzi mapangidwe ndi thunthu.

Choncho, likukhalira kuti kudzikundikira ake mu mlengalenga mosalephera. Choncho, ntchito yofunika kwambiri anthu masiku ano ali kufunafuna njira, chimene minimizes zotsatira mafuta kutentha.

haidrojeni

Wina kukwera pawiri kunachitika zikuchokera mchere zachilengedwe - ndi wa hydrogen. Gasi amene chilinganizo - H _2. Chophweka kwa onse ngakhale masiku ano.

Zikomo kuti katundu wake wapadera mu dongosolo nthawi ali maudindo awiri - pakati zitsulo soda ndi halogens. Kukhala elekitironi imodzi angathe kukupatsa monga (zachitsulo katundu kubwezeretsa) ndi kuvomereza (katundu sanali zachitsulo, makutidwe ndi okosijeni).

M'dera chachikulu cha ntchito - ndi mafuta wochezeka, chimene ofufuza za kuona za m'tsogolo. zifukwa:

• losaŵerengeka m'matangadza mpweya izi;
• mapangidwe chifukwa cha kuyaka ndi madzi okha.

Komabe, lathunthu luso chitukuko wa hydrogen monga gwero mphamvu ayenera bwino komabe zina zabwino zambiri.

Mitunduyi kwa mawerengedwe misa, kachulukidwe, ndi buku la mpweya

Mu sayansi umagwirira ntchito njira zofunika zochepa kuthetsa mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wina wa magawo zofunika kwambiri monga unyinji wa gasi, chifukwa mawerengedwe ndiyo njira:

mamita = V * Lachinayi, mmene TH - ndi osalimba a mankhwala ndi V - buku ake.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati tiyenera kuwerengera Unyinji wa gasi buku la 1 mita kiyubiki m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndiye ife kutenga mtengo zikutanthauza a muyezo wa kachulukidwe ake m'nkhaniyo pakuyenerera. Izo kukhala wolingana ndi 0,68 makilogalamu / mamita ^3. Tsopano ife tikudziwa voliyumu ndi osalimba mpweya, kwa mawerengedwe a njira ndithu complies ndi zofunika. ndiye:

mamita (CH ₄₎ = 0,68 makilogalamu / mamita ³ * 1 ^M3 = 0,68 makilogalamu, monga mamita yafupika kiyubiki.

Chilinganizo mpweya voliyumu, mosiyana, imakhala ya misa ndi osalimba zizindikiro. Ndiko kuti, tingathe kufotokoza kufunika kasinthidwe pamwamba:

V = m / Lachinayi, ndiye pa zinthu muyezo wa 2 makilogalamu kuchuluka kwa dziko ndi wofanana 2 / 0,68 = 2,914 mamita ^3.

Komanso, nthaŵi zina (pamene zikhalidwe ndi sanali muyezo) kuwerengera misa ndi buku la mpweya ntchito Mendeleyev-Clapeyron aone kuti pali lomwe lili mawonekedwe:

tsa * V = m / M * R * T, kumene tsa - kuthamanga gasi, V - buku lake, mamita ndi M - misa ndi molar misa, motero, R - chilengedwe mpweya zonse wofanana 8,314, T - kutentha Kelvin.

Izi chilinganizo mpweya voliyumu umabala ziwerengero kwambiri mtengo wa mafuta abwino, zomwe alipo mwangwiro Wonenedwa ndi ntchito mfundo umboni kuthetsa mavuto sayansi zimapangidwira. Ndi zosatheka kuwerengetsa buku la anthu aone kuti pali Boyle, amene ali mawonekedwe:

V = tsa _N * V _N * T / tsa * T _N, kumene index mtengo N - mfundozi m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa muyezo.

Kuti mawerengedwe anali olondola kwambiri ndiponso zogwirizana ndi chowonadi, mwayi wotero kuonedwa kuti, ngati osalimba wa mafuta. Tikutsata ndondomeko za kuwerengetsa chizindikiro ichi ndi mfundo moot. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osavuta ambiri, ndiko:

TH = mamita ₀ * N, kumene mamita ₀ - maselo misa (kg) N - ndende wagawo - 1 / mamita ^3.

Komabe, nthawi zina m'pofunika ntchito zina anapezazo zovuta kwambiri ndipo wangwiro ndi zosintha angapo kutulutsa zolondola kwambiri kwa zotsatira abwino.