Germany zinenero. Gulu la zilankhulo ku Germany ndi zinenero zina zambiri

English ali nawo mu ambiri ndi gulu lalikulu otchedwa zinenero Germany. M'nkhani ino tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane. Poyankha, nthambi zimenezi ndi mbali ngakhale wamkulu ndi - zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Zikuphatikizapo, kuwonjezera German, ndi ena - Mhiti, India aku Iran, m'Chiameniya, Acelt, Roman, Asilavo, ndi zina zotero. zinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, m'njira - ndi mgwirizano waukulu.

Komabe, ife tili ndi chidwi ndi banja gulu yake. zinenero Germany anawagawa zotsatirazi magulu 2: North (mwinamwake otchedwa Scandinavia) ndi kumadzulo. Iwo onse ndi makhalidwe awo.

Nthawi zina zimatulutsa zinenero Romano-Germany. Zikuphatikizapo German ndipo Romance (pachibwenzi kubwerera ku Latin).

Yayki West subgroups

The West German monga Dutch, Chifirisiyani, High German, English, Flemish, Boer, Chiyidishi.

Ambiri a anthu a Great Britain - Northern Ireland, Scotland ndi ku England - komanso US, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, ndi English mbadwa. Komanso, si zachilendo mu Pakistan, India, South Africa monga njira wogwira kulankhulana.

Chifirisiyani chotchuka ku Nyanja North - chimalankhulidwa ndi anthu okhala Frislandskie chilumba. Zolembalemba izo zimakhala ngati ali maziko zapadnofrizskie ake m'zilembo.

chinenero kwa anthu a Austria, Germany ndi Switzerland ndi High German. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'madera kumpoto kwa Germany, dziko la m'tawuni monga mabuku. Anthu a m'mudzimo mwa zinthu zimene akulankhulabe "platdoyche" kapena Low German chilankhulo - chilankhulo yapadera, imene Ages Middle anali chinenero. Inasintha wowerengeka mabuku.

Dutch - mbadwa Dutch anthu.

Modern Germany zinenero monga Boer, imatchedwanso "Afrikaans", kofala mu South Africa, m'gawo lalikulu. Mu izi pafupi chinenero Dutch analankhula Afrikaners, kapena Boers - mbadwa ya atsamunda a Holland amene anathawa kwawo m'zaka 17.

Flemish ali pafupi kwambiri kwa iyo. Iye anati anthu a Belgium, gawo kumpoto, ndi Netherlands (m'madera ena). Flemish, pamodzi ndi French ku Belgium ndi njira yovomerezeka ya kulankhulana.

Chiyidishi - aumbike mwa zaka 10-12, chinenero olankhulidwa ndi Ayuda a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Maziko ake - Middle High m'zilembo German.

North German zinenero subgroup

Fotokozani izi North German zinenero Germany: Chifaroese, Iceland, Norway, Chidanishi, Swedish.

Last - mbadwa anthu kugombe la Finland (zimene zinachititsa kuti kale kutali, anthu a mafuko drevneshvedskih) ndi anthu Swedish. Zilipo lero m'zilembo makhalidwe omwe chionekera gutnichesky, chonenedwa ndi anthu Chilumba cha Gotland. Swedish lero imakhala olembedwa ndipo anakonza mogwirizana ndi mawu German mu Chingerezi. mawu yogwira sanali kwambiri.

Chidanishi - mbadwa kwa anthu Chidanishi, amenenso anali mu mabuku kwa zaka zambiri ndi chinenero cha Norway amene, monga amadziwika, anali m'gulu la atumwi 14 mochedwa ndipo mpaka 1814 mbali ya boma ku Denmark.

Chidanishi Swedish, pafupi m'mbuyomu, tsopano kwambiri diverged, nthawizina iwo amaphatikizidwa mu subgroup apadera otchedwa vostochnoskandinavskih adverbs.

chilankhulo Norway, amene ali mbadwa za anthu Norway, anagawira dziko lino. chitukuko anachedwa ankatsatira kwambiri zinthu mbiri yakale, monga anthu a boma kuumirizidwa moyo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Danes kwa zaka pafupifupi 400. Lero, mu dziko lino pali mapangidwe chinenero Norway, wamba mtundu wonse, malinga ndi makhalidwe ake ali ndi malo wapakatikati pakati pa Chidanishi Swedish.

anthu Iceland a amalankhula Chiayisilandiki. Makolo a anthu okhala ichi dziko chilumba anali Norwegians amene anakhazikika kuderalo pofika m'zaka za m'ma 10. chilankhulo Iceland, ikusintha paokha pafupifupi Zakachikwi ndi, amamuonera zingapo zatsopano, ndipo anapitiriza ambiri a katundu amene zikusonyeza Old Norse. Pa nthawi yomweyo, njira zamakono kulankhulana kwa anthu Fjord Dziko wataya zambiri mwa zizindikiro zimenezi. Zonsezi zimachititsa zinachititsa chakuti kusiyana Chiayisilandiki (novoislandskimi) ndi zinenero Norway kwambiri pa nthawiyo.

Chifaroese alipo lero mu Faroe Islands, omwe amanama kumpoto kwa Islands Mahatchi. Iye anapitiriza, komanso Iceland ndi zinenero zina, mbali zambiri za chilankhulo cha makolo awo - Old Norse, amene kenako linathyoka.

Chifaroese, Iceland ndi Chinorowe Nthaŵi zina m'banja pamaziko a anachokera. Iyo imatchedwa zinenero zapadnoskandinavskie. Koma nkhani tsopano zikusonyeza kuti boma panopa Norway ndi oyandikira Chidanishi Swedish kuposa Chifaroese ndi Chiayisilandiki.

mudziwe oyambirira za mafuko a Germany

History of Chijeremani amaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane lero. Kungotchula loyamba la Germany a 4 m'ma BC. Kupereka zofunikira za wapaulendo awo ndi zakuthambo ndi malo, Pytheas (Pytheas kapena), Greek, wokhala mumzinda wa Massilia (lomwe masiku ano amatchedwa Marcel). Iye anapanga 325 BC. e. ulendo kwambiri Amber Coast, yomwe zikuoneka mu Elbe estuary, komanso m'mphepete kum'mwera kwa North ndi Baltic Pacific. Akulumikizana ake Pytheas limatchula mafuko guttonov ndi Teutons. maina awo momveka bwino zimene deta anthu - akale Germany.

Posts Plutarch ndi Yuliya Tsezarya

Kungotchula wotsatira wa ku Germany ankaona uthenga wa Plutarch, wolemba mbiri Greek amene ankakhala 1-2 m'ma AD. Iye analemba za Bastarnae kuwonekera pa Danube m'munsi, za 180 zaka BC. e. Koma deta izi ndi wopereŵera kwambiri, kotero musati kutipatsa ife lingaliro la chinenero ndi moyo mafuko a Germany. Iwo, monga Plutarch, sindikudziwa za ulimi aliyense nyama kapena ulimi. Nkhondo mafuko awa - yekha malonda.

Yuliy Tsezar anali wolemba Roma anafotokoza Germany M'zaka BC. e. Iye ananena kuti moyo wawo wonse ali wotanganidwa asilikali ndi kusaka. Iwo kulabadira pang'ono kuti ulimi.

Tsatanetsatane wa Pliny Wamkulu

Koma lofunika kwambiri ndi mfundo za Pliny Wamkulu, zachilengedwe (zaka za moyo - 23-79 BC ..), Ndipo Tacitus, wolemba mbiri (zaka za moyo - 58-117 AD ..). Mu ntchito zake, "Annals" ndi "Germany" malipoti otsiriza zofunika zambiri osati za gulu atsopano a mafuko, komanso za moyo wawo, chikhalidwe, dongosolo chikhalidwe. Tacitus chimasiyanitsa magulu 3: istvaeones, Hermione ndi ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy ananenanso gulu lomwelo, koma amatanthauza ingaevones Teutons ndi Cimbri. Gawo Izi zikuoneka bwino kwambiri amasonyeza kugawikana 1 m'ma BC. e. Germany mafuko.

Old zinenero Germany: Gawo

Phunziro kulembamo olembedwa limakupatsani kuphatikiza subgroups atatu a zinenero Germany kumayambiriro Ages Middle: Gothic (East German), Scandinavia (North German) ndi Western European.

Kuphatikizapo East German Gothic, Vandal ndipo Burgundy.

chilankhulo Burgundy

osamuka chinenero kwa Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - - Burgundy Islands mu Nyanja Baltic. Burgundians anakakhala kum'mwera kum'mawa France m'nthawi ya 5, m'dera limene analandira dzina chomwecho. Izi wakale chinenero Germany lero wachoka ndi ochepa mawu, makamaka mayina.

chilankhulo Vandalic

Vandal - adverb Vandals n'kukakhala pambuyo kudzera Spain kwa Africa North, kumene iwo anasiya dzina Andalusia (lero Province). chinenero ichi, komanso burgundy, ankaimira makamaka ndi mayina. Kenako, mawu akuti "vandal" wakhala wowonongayo a mtengo wa zipilala chikhalidwe, ndi wakunja, monga 455 a mafuko amenewa agwidwa ndipo analanda Rome.

Gothic

chilankhulo Gothic akupereka zipilala zake angapo. The zilipo yaikulu - "Silver Mpukutu" - kumasulira Mauthenga Abwino kwa Gothic. Anasunga 187 330 mapepala a pamanja a.

Ancient West German zilankhulo

West German gulu la zilankhulo ukufanizidwa ndi achingelezi, drevnefrizskim, Old Achisaxon, Wachifulanki, Old High German. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe yake.

Otsiriza a m'banja limeneli a zinenero zosiyanasiyana. zipilala zake zofunika kwambiri monga malemba a m'zaka za 8:

1. gloss - otanthauzira ang'onoang'ono Malemba ku Latin, kapena Mabaibulo a mawu ena mu German, wolembedwa mu masamba a.

2. Mabaibulo a mabuku ndiponso chakale ndi Notker, mu 10 mochedwa - m'ma 11 lotsogozedwa ndi obisika sukulu.

3. ZOKONDWERETSA Ndakatulo "muspilli" (2 zaka 9).

4. "Nyimbo ya Ludwig.

5. "Merseburg limatchula."

6. "Nyimbo ya Hildebrand."

chilankhulo Wachifulanki alinso m'zilembo angapo. Kuyambira kale, iwo anakhala m'gulu la German koma nizhnefrankskogo, ndi kholo la Dutch ano, Flemish ndi Boer.

North German gulu la zinenero kuphatikizapo Old Norse, Old Norse, Old Norse drevnedatsky ndi adverbs. Iwo onse ndi makhalidwe awo enieni.

Otsiriza a gulu la zilankhulo limatchedwa lilime runiform yosindikiza chifukwa lili ndi kuchuluka (pafupifupi 150) zokhudza nyengo ya zaka mazana N 2-9. e.

Drevnedatsky watetezanso mu zokhudza 9 m'ma zipilala runic wa epigraphy. Okwana pali 400.

Manda loyamba Old Swedish nawonso ntchito 9 m'ma AD. Iwo ali mu chigawo Vesteretland ndipo ndi zolemba miyala. Chiwerengero cha zolemba runic analengedwa mu chinenero lino 2500.