India zokopa za dziko. India: Chidwi Mfundo

Bakuman ndi chodabwitsa India ... Pa thambo ake apo panali mmodzi wa chitukuko wamkulu anayambitsa Chibuda, Chijaini, Sikhism ndi Chihindu. M'nkhani ino tikambirana za dongosolo la dziko lino. Tiyeni tione mitundu-Kupititsa gulu la India, komanso za zokopa chachikulu ndi mapwando.

The Republic of India. mtundu Government

India kalekale anamenyera ufulu wodzilamulira, kukhala British njuchi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, funso zambiri lakuti: "India - ndi mafumu kapena Republic?". Anapambana m'zaka XVIII, dzikolo linalandira ufulu wodzilamulira lokha mu 1947. Kuyambira pamenepo, boma udakhazikitsa ndondomeko za chitukuko za demokalase ndi chitukuko yogwira dziko lonse.

India - Republic, boma boma, lomwe ndi chimafotokozera malamulo monga wolamulira zokomera yakale Democratic Republic. Pa mutu wa boma ndi pulezidenti. India - lipabliki aphungu ndi zipinda ziwiri, imene ikuimira Rajya Sabha (chapamwamba nyumba) ndi Komiti la Anthu (m'munsi nyumba).

States ndi madera ndi mitundu-Kupititsa gulu la Republic of India. Motero, boma pali 29 limanena kuti ali yekha wamkulu ndi malamulo akuluakulu. National-Kupititsa gulu la India, zimasonyezanso kuli m'magawo. Total m'madera dziko 7 amene kwenikweni magawo asanu ndi limodzi Capital Gawo la Delhi. Iwo akulamulidwa ndi boma la India.

Population ndi chinenero cha India

The Republic of India, amene anthu ndi chimodzi-chimodzi cha anthu onse padziko lapansi, ndi imodzi mwa mitundu azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Pali biliyoni 1,30 anthu, ndipo ofufuza amaneneratu kuti posachedwapa lidzakudzidzimutseni China manambala.

Hindi ndi chinenero dziko ndi ambiri, umanenedwa ndi oposa 40% ya anthu. zilankhulo zina zofala ndi English, Chipunjabi, Chiudu, gundzharti, Chibengali, Telugu, Chikannada, ndi zina zotero .. Mu limati Indian ndi zinenero zawo boma.

Koma ambiri amati Chihindu (pafupifupi 80%) mu lachiwiri pa kuwanda waima Islam, ndiye chipembedzo cha Chikhristu, Sikhism ndi Chibuda.

Mu India, mtengo mkulu ulova. Pamene anthu biliyoni tinayamba anthu zachuma yogwira 500 miliyoni okha Pafupifupi 70% ndi ulimi ndi nkhalango, ndipo pafupifupi hafu ya anthu okhala m'mizinda, ntchito gawo utumiki.

Ancient boma ndi anthu

Protogosudarstva aumbike mwa India ngakhale mu Ine Zakachikwi BC, kenako yosintha mu formations boma woli- ndi dongosolo monarchical boma. Komabe, pamodzi ndi mafumu magwero osiyanasiyana ndipo watchulidwa kuli kufanana kwa Republic of India.

Republic of India wakale amatchedwa Kshatriya kapena Republic oligarchic. Iwo ankakonda kumenyana ndi monarchies la ulamuliro wa mphamvu. Mphamvu mu Republic sanali cholowa ndi olamulira osankhidwa zosamukira, ngati kusakhutira ndi ntchito zawo.

Ngakhale ndiye, mu mayiko wakhala magawano chikhalidwe cha anthu ku mitundu n'kusiya amaonekera kwambiri mbiri ya boma, India (m'midzi akadali Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira magawano ali anapitiriza). The mwayi waukulu anthu anali oimira oligarchy, amene anaberekera mutu wa "Raja". Iwo anali pochitika wapadera mwambo wopatulika n'kofunika kupeza mutu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira apamwamba Brahmins poyamba ankaona - atsogoleri. Mu monarchies, mwambo analimbikira. Kshatriyas chomwecho - ndi asilikali, alonda, ndi mu zikhalidwe zonse, iwo zinkatenga wachiwiri, ngati si lachitatu, pambuyo olemekezeka. Kale Indian Kshatriyas mayiko anavutika ndi Brahmins ulamuliro wawo, ndipo nthawizina akhaapatisa amagonjera Brahmins.

Indian Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira

Contemporary Indian anthu adakali ulemu miyambo yakale. Ofala kalelo magawano chikhalidwe umagwira lero. Anthu a India imvera malamulo umasinthasintha zimene zinafotokozedwa payokha aliyense Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira, tsopano iwo amatchedwa varna.

Mu India, pali mitundu zinayi zikuluzikulu. Mlingo wokweretsa, monga monarchies akale, kutenga Brahmans. Poyamba, iwo anali ansembe, ndipo tsopano kuphunzitsa mipingo, udaperekedwa kukula mwauzimu ndi kuphunzitsa anthu. Iwo sangakhoze kuchita ntchito ndipo kukonza chakudya, yoperekedwa kwa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira lina anthu.

Kshatriyas ndi sitepe pansipa. Kawirikawiri maudindo utsogoleri kapena adzagwirizana ndi zochita nkhondo. Women of Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira izi zoletsedwa kukwatira munthu amene ali pansipa waudindo. Amuna, lamulo limeneli sikuti ntchito.

Vaishya kalekale alimi ndi amalonda. Mu masiku anthu Indian, nawonso asintha ntchito yake. Tsopano Vaishya mwina udindo zokhudzana ndi ndalama.

The ntchito kwambiri zauve nthaŵi zonse Sudras. Monga ulamuliro, iwo anali osawuka ndi akapolo. Tsopano iwo ali gawo osaukitsitsa wa anthu amoyo mu nyumba zauve.

Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira china chotchedwa "untouchables", zomwe zikuphatikizapo wopanda khalidwe zonse. Iwo, pa mlingo wa chitukuko, ngakhale poyerekeza ndi Sudras. Untouchables, kale mkati Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira, kodi m'magulu osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pali gulu limene panali gays, bisexuals, hermaphrodites. Anthu amenewa nthawi zambiri kuchereza anthu a mitundu ina pa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana.

The anthu okhawo amene simuli Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira komanso ankaona kuwapatula iliyonse - pariah - amene ali obadwa mwa anthu ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Saloledwa kuonekera mu masitolo, pa mabasi ndi magalimoto.

The Republic of India zokopa

Malo otchuka kwambiri Mosakayika ndi Taj Mahal - nsangalabwi mausoleum, limene, mogwirizana ndi nthano, wolamulira Indian anamanga pokumbukira mkazi wake wokondedwa. White mzikiti, dongosolo zosokoneza, pamakoma ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zojambula, paki ndi chodabwitsa zomera yachiwiri.

Komabe, si zonse zimene akhoza kudzitama za Republic of India. Zokopa monga onse nyumba za dziko zosiyanasiyana mapulani ndi zachilengedwe zokongola. Mwachitsanzo, Dudhsagar mathithi, amene ankaona waukulu mu India. Iwo lili m'tsinde mwa Western Ghats ndipo wazunguliridwa ndi malo apadera.

Mizinda Indian komanso kupereka kwambiri chidwi. Mu Delhi pali mpanda Red Fort, anamanga mu kalembedwe wapadera ndi maziko a zomangamanga Mughal.

Mu Mumbai, mukhoza kuyendayenda mwa pavilions Bollywood - m'dera chachikulu cha makampani Indian filimu. Misewu "mzinda pinki" wa Jaipur mukhoza kuyenda. Apa nyumba ya Maharaja ndi Fort Amber.

Mu mzinda wa Calcutta, kupatula wotchuka Kali kachisi ndi zinyama waukulu mu India ndi Indian Museum.

kuda Kale

maofesi ambiri anamangapo kale kubwera kwa Republic yamakono ya India. stupa oyamba padziko lonse lapansi lili Madhya Pradesh. Sanchi Stupa anamanga kumbuyo mu III m'ma BC, pa stupas ena zinamangidwa pa fano lake. stupa ndi chipilala cha oyambirira zomangamanga M'buda, chilichonse cha ophiphiritsa ake. maziko a dziko lapansi ndiponso anthu ndi Chigawo - milungu.

Mwa zokopa ndi wakale phanga akachisi mu Maharashtra. Iwo chosema kwa zaka ndi Amonke, kuyambira BC II atumwi. Mu Ellora ndi za 30 mwala mapanga.

Hampi kachisi pa malo a mzinda wakale wa Vijayanagara, amatchulidwa "Ramayana" - akale Indian yadzaoneni. Malo awa watchulidwa kuti achoke mu mzindawo. Temple ndipo panopa umayendetsedwera. Inkakhala mwa mapiri mkulu, wopangidwa mwa boulders yaikulu. Malinga ndi nthano miyala pano sketched mulungu Hanuman nyani.

Old m'tauni Gokarna ndi msewu umodzi wokha kumene pafupifupi nyumba zonse matabwa. Ahindu amakhulupirira kuti mu mzinda uno mulungu Shiva wauka kwa matumbo a dziko lapansi Atachotsedwa, choncho wopatulika.

Yaikulu Chibuda dera ali otchedwa Little Tibet. Pali akachisi atatu m'Buda amonke awiri. wapaulendo aliyense likupezeka, kotero inu mukhoza kuwona utumiki mmaso mwawo. The Tibet Little ndi Chitibeta msika ndi khobiri zamanja, mungapezeko agwirizane yopanga makalapeti.

Akachisi ndi manda

Mmodzi wa zokopa chidwi kwambiri India ali m'manda ndi akachisi. Manda a Humayun si chokongoletsedwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali, mosiyana pamwamba dzina lake mausoleum, koma zinachitika. Inkakhala ku Delhi ndipo ndi chitsanzo cha Mogul zomangamanga.

The Shrine Itemad-ud-Daula ndi chidwi kukongola. Ndi nyumba quadrangular, limene lili ndi pedestal yaing'ono. meters aliyense ngodya kukongoletsa minaret 13 mkulu. Pa makoma nsangalabwi mothandizidwa ndi miyala theka-mtengo wapatali ake ali zithunzi zosiyanasiyana.

Kachisi Harmandir Sahib komanso Sitiyenera kuiŵala. Linamangidwa kumbuyo m'zaka XVI ndipo tsopano ndi malo a kulambira Chishiite. A njira n'njira mwachindunji ku malo a nyanja yokumba uli Golden Temple. Iwo lozungulira nyanja nyumba khumi, kupanga limodzi ndi mpingo m'malo lalikulu mapulani zovuta.

Virupaksha kachisi ku South India Ming'oma za VII atumwi. Iye si nyumba ina, ndi lalikulu kachisi zovuta. Nsanja ali ndi kachisi zazikulu misinkhu 9 ndipo kukudza mpaka mamita 50. Nearby mudzapeza malo opatulika ndi malo osewerera ndi mizati. Mu malo awa zonse amakopeka amwendamnjira ndi apaulendo chidwi. Makamaka chidwi pano pa zikondwerero zosiyanasiyana, monga ukwati chikondwerero Virupaksha ndi Pampa.

nyumba zauve m'tawuni

Pambuyo kuyendera Taj Mahal zosatheka mwamtheradi kunena kuti iye anali mu India, zonse ziri mbali imodzi yokha ya moyo wa dziko lino. The mbali zina zobisika nyumba zauve ya m'mizinda ikuluikulu ya India. Mbali zimenezi ndi cholinga pa moyo wa anthu osauka ndipo ankakhala kuno anthu miyandamiyanda.

Dharavi slum ku Mumbai, kamodzi ankaona waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Pali zipatala, masukulu ndi malo zogona mpaka mamita 10 mbali zonse zinayi. m., ndi kunyumba kwa nthawi zina anthu 20. The anthu osaukitsitsa kukhala m'mahema. Amwenye sakhala ukhondo - zinyalala kuponyedwa msewu, pafupi ndi malo okhala. Komabe, ena amayesa dzisamalire nthawi zonse kutsuka ndi kukonza ngakhale m'nyumba.

General view wa nyumba zauve akadali akuimira zitsulo Mipikisano storey nyumba, plywood, chinsalu nsalu ikulendewera pofuna kulenga semblance wa pogona, ndi zinyalala. ntchito zonse, kuyambira kuphika kwa kutsuka ikuchitika mu slum pa msewu. Nyumba tinapangidwa kugona. zinyalala udzathiridwa mu dzenje mwapadera ndi madzi.

Okonda zina zapadera madera amenewa si kwabasi ndi zokongola. Komabe, posachedwapa, m'madera slum mwachangu tikukonza, ndipo posachedwapa kutha kwa yosangalatsa imeneyi ya India.

Maholide ndi zikondwerero

Mogwirizana ndi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana m'dzikoli, kumene ambiri maholide achipembedzo, pambali pali wa atchuthi kufunika: Republic Day, wodzilamulira Tsiku ndi tsiku lobadwa Gandhi a. Pa Tsiku la Republic of India (onani pansipa chithunzi) inati kukhazikitsidwa 26 January 1950 la Constituion, zimene zikusonyeza kumasulidwa chomaliza ku Britain.

Chaka chilichonse mu India kukondwerera holide anadzipereka ku Mtsinje Ganges - Ganga Mahotsava. Mu November, mzinda wa Varanasi ndi chamoyo, pa gombe la oyera anthu mtsinje kusonkhanitsa kusamba mmenemo. Local kuimba wowerengeka nyimbo ndi kuvina. Chochitika chachikulu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtsinje wa nyali losonyeza. Zisanachitike, inu muyenera kutero komanso ngati nyali udzayaka kwa nthawi yaitali, ndiye onetsetsani kuti ntchito milungu chobisika.

Diwali - ndi tchuthi china cha Republic of India. mzinda pa nthawi ino wodzazidwa ndi kuwala, limene, mogwirizana ndi mwambo, ayenera kugonjetsa choipa ndi choipa sizinatheke. Kulikonse anayatsa nyali, garlands, makandulo, nyimbo ndi pansiyi chikondwerero phokoso.

Chikondwerero Spring - Holi - chikondwerero cha chiyambi cha March ndi kumatenga masiku asanu. Panthawi imeneyi, kutentha ndi effigy Kholiki, ndipo pa tsiku lachiwiri kutsanulira pa wina ndi mzake ufa wachikuda ndi zonunkhira, kutsanulira madzi zolochedwa, pofuna chisangalalo.

mfundo zosangalatsa

• mpheto aliyense wa tanthauzo ndi katundu wa zakwawoko ndikoletsedwa ndi lamulo.
• Ndi chiwerengero onse lalikulu la anthu, India tithe yoyamba padziko lonse chiwerengero cha mimba.
• dziko lino ndi kholo la Chess, ajebura ndi masamu. Dzina "Chess" kale wakewu "chaturanga" ndipo likumasuliridwa kuti asilikali zinayi udindo.
• Chiwerengero cha maofesi positi kuno kuposa kwina kulikonse mu dziko. Izi ndi zodabwitsa chifukwa okhala slum alibe ngakhale maadiresi.
• Anaonekera za 3 zikwi zapitazo, Ayur Veda imatengedwa woyamba mu mbiri ya sukulu ya zachipatala ya anthu.
• Navigation chaonekera India zaka zoposa 6000 zapitazo.
• Mu India, "nawo zovala," ndipo anapita kwambiri. Monga mmene amanenera pa stratum chikhalidwe chimene munthu uli. Zofunika nsalu kalembedwe ndipo ngakhale mtundu. akazi hairstyle kumathandizanso.
• Dziko ali pafupifupi 1,500 m'zilembo zinenero zosiyana.
• Mpaka 1960 mu India anatilola kusuta chamba.
• Kamodzi Indian opepuka nsalu anagonjetsa mafumu a Aroma. Iwo ngakhale poyerekeza ndi mphepo. Iyo inali nsalu thonje yoyamba padziko lonse.
• Freddie Mercury anali Indian mizu.
• Pamaso kugonjera Britain ndi kukhala njuchi ake, India ndi limodzi mwa mayiko olemera mu dziko. Ndicho chifukwa oyendetsa akuyesetsa kuti apeze maulendo ake nyanja.
• Ngati Indian agwedeza popanda mutu wake, ngati anakunyoza iwe, osadandaula, chifukwa zimasonyeza ovomerezeka.
• Ambiri Indian odyera kapena malo omwera ndi menyu, alendo zambiri anawagula mbale yaitali bwino.
• Ngati palibe malo mu sitima, anthu kukwera pa maalumali tinapangidwa katundu.
• limati ambiri agwiritsira pansi, osati chifukwa cha umphawi, miyambo chabe.
• Kumbh Mela - ndi tchuthi cha chipembedzo kuti chikondwerero mu India kamodzi kokha zaka 12.
• Kutchula dzina la mwamuna wake pagulu imatengedwa osati olemekezeka kwambiri, choncho ntchito zosiyanasiyana zotsalira za "kuona", "kuona" ndi zina zotero. D.

Pomaliza

India - lipabliki feduro ogaŵikana limati ndi m'madera. Izi zimadalira chidwi ndi dziko zovuta kuzimvetsa. Alendo odzaona malo amapita olemera akachisi ndi m'manda mu nyumba zauve, anthu osaukitsitsa amakhala m'nyumba zinawonongeka zopangidwa plywood. Mbiri wolemera anasonyeza mu akachisi amamudziwa anasunga odzipereka zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana. Zikwi amwendamnjira kuno kuona tiakachisi wakale, apaulendo akuyembekeza kukhudza zapitazi. Chaka chilichonse palinso wochangamuka ndiponso omveka maholide ndi mapwando, wodzala ndi magetsi, kuvina ndi wowerengeka nyimbo, ndithudi, mothandizidwa ndi nthano.