Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya DNA ndi RNA (Table)

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti mitundu yonse ya nkhani wamoyo, ku mavairasi ndi kutha nyama apamwamba (kuphatikizapo anthu) ndi wapadera cholowa zida. Iye ankayimiridwa ndi tinthu mitundu iwiri ya zidulo mkati: deoxyribonucleic ndi ribonucleic. Mu zinthu zimenezi organic ndiyotengera mudziwe kuti wadutsa kuchokera ku kholo anthu mbewu kubalana. Mu pepala ili, tiphunzira mmene kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya DNA ndi RNA muchipindachi, komanso kuganizira kuti makinawa chimayambitsa njira za kufala kwa cholowa katundu wa nkhani wamoyo.

Mwamwayi, katundu zidulo mkati, ngakhale kuti ali ndi zina wamba Komabe, amasiyana kwambiri pakati pawo. Choncho Tikayerekeza DNA ndi RNA ntchito ikuchitika ndi biopolymers anthu maselo a magulu osiyana a zamoyo. Tebulo anapereka mu pepala adzakuthandizani kumvetsa zimene kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa iwo.

zidulo mkati - biopolymers zovuta

Kufufuza mu munda wa zamoyo zimene zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, makamaka mawu olembedwa a dongosolo la deoxyribonucleic acid, ndi kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha cytology ano, chibadwa, umisiri ndi kukonza majini. Ku maganizo a organic umagwirira DNA ndi RNA ndi mkulu maselo mankhwala wopangidwa mayunitsi mobwerezabwereza - monomers, amatchedwanso nucleotides. Amadziwika kuti cholukanalukana kupanga dera angathe okhudza malo kudziletsa bungwe.

Chotero macromolecules DNA Nthawi zambiri ndi mapuloteni yeniyeni ndi katundu yeniyeni ndipo anaitana histones. maofesi Nucleoprotein kupanga nyumba wapadera - nucleosomes, amene nawonso, ndi mbali ya khromozomu lapansi. zidulo mkati akhale zonse mu phata ndi mu cytoplasm maselo, kupezeka mu zikuchokera ena organelles, monga mitochondria kapena chloroplasts.

Kapangidwe okhudza malo a chibadwa mankhwala

Kumvetsa ntchito ya DNA ndi RNA, m'pofunika kumvetsa mwatsatanetsatane peculiarities dongosolo lawo. Mofanana ndi mapuloteni, zidulo mkati yodziwika ndi milingo angapo gulu la macromolecules. Kapangidwe chachikulu ukufanizidwa unyolo polynucleotide, zasekondale ndi ukachenjede kasinthidwe samouslozhnyayutsya akuwuka mwa mtundu covalent kugwirizana. A udindo wapadera kukhala mawonekedwe okhudza malo a mamolekyulu ali nsinga wa hydrogen, Van der mphamvu Waals ndiponso zimene ankachita. Chifukwa ndi dongosolo yaying'ono ya DNA, wotchedwa superspiral.

Monomers asidi mkati

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya DNA, RNA, mapuloteni, ndi ena ma polima organic zimadalira onse pa Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera macromolecules awo. Onse mitundu zidulo mkati amapangidwa ndi zinthu structural otchedwa nucleotides. Monga tikudziwa pa njira zimapangidwira, kapangidwe ka vuto kwenikweni bwanji ntchito yake. DNA ndi RNA nazonso. Iwo likukhalira kuti pa nyukiliotayidi zikuchokera zimadalira maonekedwe a asidi palokha ndipo ntchito ka maselo. Aliyense monomer tichipeza zigawo zitatu: maziko nitrogenous, ndi zimam'patsa ndi zotsalira asidi orthophosphoric. Pali mitundu inayi ya zapansi nitrogenous ya DNA: adenine, guanine, thymine ndi cytosine. Mu mamolekyulu RNA, zili motero, adenine, guanine, cytosine ndi uracil. Zimam'patsa umaimiridwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pentose. Asidi ribonucleic ndi ribose ndi DNA - mawonekedwe ake deoxygenated, wotchedwa deoxyribose.

Features asidi deoxyribonucleic

Choyamba timayang'ana pa kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya DNA. RNA kukhala okhudza malo kasinthidwe yosavuta, tikambirana mu gawo lotsatira. Awiri polynucleotide chingwe umachitika pakati pa mobwerezabwereza kumatchula nsinga wa hydrogen unali pakati zapansi ndi asafe. Angapo "adenine - thymine," pali awiri, ndi awiri "guanine - cytosine" - atatu nsinga wa hydrogen.

Ndiwofatsa mzere purine ndi pyrimidine zapansi anatulukira ndi E. Chargaff ndipo anali kudziŵika kuti mfundo za mapolojekiti. Unyolo nucleotides umodzi zogwirizana nsinga phosphodiester kuti anapanga pakati pa zotsalira pentose asidi orthophosphoric ndi nucleotides pafupi. Mawonekedwe mwauzimu ndi maunyolo awiri anakhalabe mwa maunyolo a hydrogen zimene zimachitika pakati pa hydrogen ndi mpweya maatomu omwe ali mbali ya nucleotides. Apamwamba - ukachenjede kapangidwe (supercoil) - khalidwe la DNA nyukiliya maselo eukaryotic. Mu njira imeneyi ndi kupezeka chromatin lapansi. Komabe, tizilombo DNA munali mavairasi ndi deoxyribonucleic acid ndi kumphatikiza ndi mapuloteni. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi wozungulira woboola pakati maonekedwe amatchedwa pulasimidi.

Iwo ali yemweyo mawonekedwe DNA ya mitochondria ndi chloroplasts - organelles, zomera ndi maselo nyama. Ndiye ife tikupeza, kodi kusiyana pakati pa ntchito za DNA ndi RNA. Gome pansipa, tiwonetseni ife kusiyana kapangidwe ndi katundu zidulo mkati.

asidi ribonucleic

The RNA molekyulu imakhala ndi umodzi polynucleotide chingwe (kupatula awiri Shackleton kapangidwe ka ena mavairasi) kuti ukhoza kukhala mu phata ndi mu cytoplasm selo. Pali mitundu ingapo ya RNA kuti zosiyanasiyana pakati pa kapangidwe ndi katundu. Choncho, Mtumiki RNA ali apamwamba kulemera maselo. Iwo apanga mu phata khungu mu imodzi mwa chibadwa. MRNA ntchito - kusamutsa mudziwe zikuchokera mapuloteni kuchokera phata kuti cytoplasm lapansi. Transport mawonekedwe asidi mkati amamangirira monomers mapuloteni - amino zidulo - Nawalanditsa iwo ku malo a biosynthesis.

Pomaliza, ribosomal RNA aumbike mwa nucleolus ndi kumatanthauza kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Monga mukuonera, DNA ndi RNA ntchito mu kagayidwe ma ali osiyanasiyana ndi zofunika kwambiri. Iwo kudzadalira makamaka maselo a zamoyo zimene zilipo zinthu molekyulu cha chibadwa. Choncho, kachilombo asidi ribonucleic kungakhale chonyamulira cha uthengawu ku maselo, koma maselo a zamoyo eukaryotic mphamvu cabe deoxyribonucleic acid.

Ntchito ya DNA ndi RNA mu thupi

Mu kufunika kwake mkati asidi, pamodzi ndi mapuloteni zofunika organic mankhwala. Iwo amakhala ndi kachilombo makhalidwe cholowa ndiponso makhalidwe makolo kuti anthu mbewu. Tiyeni chimatanthauza kusiyana ntchito mzake wa DNA ndi RNA. Gome m'munsimu limasonyeza kusiyana mwatsatanetsatane.

ndi makhalidwe a mavairasi chikhazikitso cha chibadwa chiyani?

Virus mkati asidi akhoza kutenga maonekedwe a mizere yozungulira onse wosakwatira ndi iwiri timafupa kapena mphete. Malinga D.Baltimora gulu, izi zinthu microcosm muli DNA mamolekyulu wopangidwa madera imodzi kapena ziwiri. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a nsungu ndi adenoviruses, ndipo chachiwiri zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, parvovirus.

Ntchito ya DNA ndi RNA mavairasi MUKACHULUKIDWE malowedwe mwini nkhani majini selo, zochita kugawanika mamolekyulu onyamula tizilombo asidi mkati ndi khamu la particles mapuloteni mu ribosomes selo khamu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, dziko lonse kagayidwe selo kwathunthu subordinated kuti majeremusi amene kuchulukitsa mofulumira, zikubweretsa selo imfa.

RNA munali mavairasi

Mu virology anapanga kulekana kwa zamoyo izi mu magulu angapo. Choncho, mitundu woyamba amatchedwa osakwatiwa-Shackleton (+) RNA. Iwo mkati asidi amachita ntchito chimodzimodzi monga mtumiki RNA maselo eukaryotic. Mu gulu lina zikuphatikizapo osakwatiwa-Shackleton (-) RNA. Choyamba, mamolekyulu awo galamafoniyo zikachitika, zikubweretsa maonekedwe a mamolekyulu (+) RNA, ndipo iwo nawonso, amatumikira monga Chinsinsi zonsezo tizilombo.

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, zamoyo zonse, kuphatikizapo tizilombo, DNA ndi ntchito RNA mwachidule yodziwika monga: yosungirako makhalidwe cholowa ndiponso katundu wa chamoyo ndi kufala zina ana awo.