Ufumu wa Pontian: mbiri, ndalama, wolamulira, ankhondo. Ufumu wa Pontic ndi udindo wake m'mbiri ya dera la Black Sea

Ufumu wakale wotchedwa Pontic, womwe uli kummawa kwa Asia Minor, unali umodzi mwa mayiko achigiriki omwe analipo kwambiri pa nthawi yake. Zinakhudza kwambiri maiko oyandikana nawo ndi kuwonjezeka kwa dera la Black Sea. Dziko lonse lakale kumwera kwa dziko la Russia mwanjira inayake analandira chinachake kuchokera ku mphamvu iyi. Ufumu wa Pontian umadziwika ndi sayansi zamakono zambiri kuposa mayiko ena ofanana. Izi ndi chifukwa chakuti mafumu ake adalimbana ndi Roma nthawi yayitali. Mosakayikira, kuopsezedwa kwa ufumu wa Pontic kunayesedwa mu ndondomeko ya ndale ya republic.

Malo

Panthawi yonse yomwe ilipo mu III-I-century. BC Ufumu wa Pontian unasintha malire nthawi zambiri, makamaka chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Pakatikati pa dzikoli kunali Northern Cappadocia kumwera-kumwera kwa nyanja ya Black Sea. Kalekale ankatchedwa Pontus Euxine, ndipo chifukwa chake ufumu unayamba kutchedwa Pontic, kapena Ponto basi.

Chikhalidwe cha boma chinali chodziwika kwambiri ndi malo ake abwino. Ndi gawo liti la ufumu wa Pontian? Awa ndiwo malo pakati pa Central ndi Near East, Balkans ndi Black Sea Coast. Chifukwa chake, Pontasi ankachita malonda ndi madera onsewa, zomwe zinapangitsa olamulira ake kukhala olemera komanso otchuka. Amalonda anabwera kwa iwo kuchokera kumpoto kwa Mesopotamia, mapiri a Irani ndi Transcaucasia. Zinthu zam'maiko a ku Asia zinkabweretsa ndalama zambiri. Ndalama za ufumu wa Pontian zinadulidwa kuchokera ku golidi ndipo zinali zooneka mwapadera. Archaeologists akupitiriza kuwapeza ku Turkey ndi Russia, Ukraine ndi Caucasus.

Society

M'dziko la Pontian, miyambo ya anthu ambiri inasakanizidwa. Mu ufumuwu, miyambo ya chi Asia, Anatolian, Iran ndi Hellenic inayamba. Chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri chinali kuchita ulimi, chomwe chinkakondedwa ndi nyengo yofatsa. Mizinda Yowonongeka inali yochepa. Iwo anali makamaka pa gombe la Black Sea. Izi ndizo malamulo omwe adayambitsidwa ndi akale achikatolika.

Malinga ndi mtundu, anthu anali a Kapadokiya, Macrones, Calibs, Colchis, Kataonians. Anakhala pano, ndi mitundu yonse ya alendo, monga mafuko a Phrigiya. Mu ufumu wa Pontian uko nthawizonse wakhala akukhala Aperisi ambiri olankhula Chiperisi. Zomwe kaleidoscope izi ndizoopsa kwambiri. Mitundu yosiyana idagwirizana chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chachikulu cha Chihelene (Chigiriki). Pamene mafuko ambiri ankakhala, ofooka amachititsa chidwi. Chiwerengero cha ndondomeko za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Black Sea chinakhalabe chachi Greek.

Maziko a Ponto

Mzinda wa Pontian unakhazikitsidwa ndi King Mithridates I mu 302 BC. Poyambirira, iye anali wa Perisiya amene ankatumikira mfumu yamakedoniya mfumu Antigone. Kwa zifukwa zomveka, kalonga adanyozedwa ndi mfumu yake ndipo adathawira ku Kapadokiya, komwe adakhazikitsa mphamvu yatsopano. M'dzina lake, mafumu onse a mafumu a Ponto adayamba kutchedwa Mithridatids.

Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti dziko lino likuwonekera. Ufumu wa Pontian, umene mbiri yake inayamba kumapeto kwa IV century BC. E., Pagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamphamvu, yolengedwa ndi Alexander Wamkulu. Mkulu wa asilikaliwa anayamba kugonjetsa Greece, ndipo anayamba kufalitsa chikhalidwe cha Agiriki ku Middle East. Mphamvu yake inali yaifupi. Iyo inagawanika muzinthu zambiri pambuyo pa Alesandro atamwalira mu 323 BC.

Maluwa

Ana a Mithridates ine ndinapitiriza kulimbikitsa ndikukula dziko la Pontian. Iwo anathandizidwa ndi kugawidwa kwazandale kwa oyandikana nawo ndi kulimbika kwa ochita mpikisano kuti akhudzidwe m'deralo. Mphamvu yake yakaleyi inagonjetsedwa ndi Mithridates VI Evpator, yemwe adalamulira zaka 117 ndi 63. BC

Ali wamng'ono, anayenera kuthaŵa kwawo. Pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake, amayi a Mithridates VI adatsutsa mwanayo atatenga mpando wake wachifumu. Kutaya ukapolo ku ukapolo kunalimbikitsa tsogolo lamtsogolo. Pamene potsiriza anabwerera kuboma, mfumuyo inayamba nkhondo ndi anansi ake.

Mapulogalamu apamwamba ndi ma satrapi amafulumira ku Mithridates. Anthu a m'nthaŵi yake ankayenerera kumutcha Iye Wamkulu. Iye anawonjezera Colchis (masiku ano Georgia), komanso Tavrida (Crimea). Komabe, mfumuyo inali ndi mayeso ofunikira kwambiri - misonkhanowu yambiri yolimbana ndi Roma. Republicli panthawiyo inalikulitsa kukula kwake ku East. Anali atagonjetsa kale Greece ndipo tsopano adanena kuti ali ku Asia Minor, kumene ufumu wa Pontic unalipo. Nkhondo zopanda malire zinayamba pakati pa maulamuliro awiriwo.

Ubale ndi mapiri

Atapanga dziko lalikulu lomwe linali kale ngati ufumu, Mithridates anakumana ndi vuto lachilengedwe - momwe angasungire zinthu zonse zomwe anapeza. Anayesetsa kupeza mgwirizano mu maiko atsopano, powapatsa udindo wosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mafuko ang'onoang'ono a kum'mwera anayamba kugwirizana, pamene Colchis ndi Tavrida adasandulika chuma ndi chuma cha boma.

Ndalama zambiri zimapita ku malipiro ndi chakudya cha asilikali. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa ufumu wa Pontine pansi pa Mithridates unaiwala zomwe dziko liri. Emperor anapanga dera la kumpoto cha kumadzulo kwa Nyanja Yakuda ya malo odyetsera mbewu. Mkate wosatha unkafunikira gulu lankhondo kuti liwonongeke kwa nthawi yaitali m'madera a Roma.

Zotsutsana zapansi ndi zachikhalidwe

Mithradates VI anayesa kuwonjezera dziko la Pontian mothandizidwa ndi ndondomeko ya Hellenization. Iye adadzitcha yekha msilikali komanso woyang'anira chikhalidwe chakale chachi Greek. Koma maphunzirowa sakanatha koma kutsutsana ndi mphamvu ina yakale ku Roma. Dziko la Republic pamalire ake akummawa silinkafuna ufumu wamphamvu wa Pontic.

Kuwonjezera pamenepo, anayesa kulimbitsa dziko lake powonjezera mwayi wa ndondomeko. Mwa ichi adakopera gulu lakumidzi kumbali yake. Koma motsutsana ndi ndondomeko yotereyi inali yamphamvu kwambiri. Oimira ake sankafuna kugawana chuma ndi mphamvu ndi ndondomekozi.

Mfundo zapakhomo za Mithradates VI

Pomalizira pake, akuluakulu a boma adapereka chigamulo kwa wolamulira. Iye ankayenera kuti azichirikiza zofuna zake kapena kupondereza chisokonezo chachikulu, chothandizidwa ndi matope akuluakulu a apamwamba. Mfumu, yemwe nthawi zonse ankamenyana ndi Roma, sakanatha kulowa mmbuyo. Iye ankayenera kuti apange zovomerezeka kwa akuluakulu. Zinachititsa kuti pakhale kubadwa kwa gulu lachiwawa limene linkawononga anthu wamba.

Chifukwa cha kutsutsana kumeneku, ufumu wa Pontic, umene gulu lake linamangidwa molingana ndi chitsanzo cha Chigiriki chakale, ndithudi sichikanakhoza kuchotsa makhalidwe a kumadzulo kwa dziko kumbali yake. N'kofunikanso kuti mphamvu yayikuluyi ikhalepo kokha chifukwa cha chikoka ndi champhamvu cha mfumu yayikuruyo. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mithradates VI, ayenera kuti adagwa.

Kulimbitsa ufumu

Lerolino ufumu wa Pontic ndi udindo wake m'mbiri ya Black Sea dera akufufuzidwa ndi ofufuza ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Koma mosasamala za yemwe akukamba za iye, katswiri aliyense amamvetsera nthawi ya Mithridates VI, popeza ndi iye boma linafika pachimake pa chitukuko.

Koma ngakhale mfumu yayikuluyi inali ndi zolakwitsa zake ndi zovuta zake, zomwe sakanakhoza kuzigonjetsa. Kuwonjezera pa mavuto a mkati omwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa, tsar anayenera kuyang'anizana ndi kusowa kwa mgwirizano wina wolimba polimbana ndi Roma. Pambuyo pa Republica kunali madera ambiri a Mediterranean - Greece, Italy, Gallia, Spain, Carthage, ndi zina zotero. Wolamulira aliyense wogwira mtima Mithridates anali, sakanatha kukana kukula kwa Aroma chifukwa cha zolinga zake.

Imfa ya Mithridates

M'dzinja la 64 BC. Mfumu Ponta inatha kusonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu la asilikali okwana 36,000 ndikugonjetsa Bosporus. Komabe, asilikali ake amitundu yonse sanafune kupitirizabe ntchitoyi ndikupita ku Italy, kumene Mithridates ankafuna kupita kukalowa mumtima wa Roma. Udindo wa mfumu unali wosokonezeka, ndipo anabwerera.

Panthawiyi, chiwembucho chinayamba kukwera. Asirikali sanasangalale ndi nkhondoyo, komanso kuwonjezera apo, padali munthu yemwe ankafuna kugonjetsa mphamvu mu ufumu wa Portean. Mkuntho uyu anali mwana wa Mithridates VI Pharnac. Iwo anavumbula chiwembucho, koma anagwira mwana wake wamwamuna. Mfumuyo inkafuna kumupha chifukwa cha chiwembu, koma anthu oyandikana naye adamuuza iye kuti amulole kuti apite kwawo. Bambo anga anavomera.

Koma izi sizinathandize kupeŵa chisokonezo mu ankhondo. Pamene Mithridates adazindikira kuti adayandikana ndi adani, adatenga poizoni. Iye sanachitepo kanthu. Ndiye mfumuyo inamupangitsa womulondera kuti amuphe ndi lupanga, zomwe zinachitika. Zoopsazo zinachitika mu 63 BC. Aroma, ataphunzira za imfa ya Mithridates, adakondwerera masiku angapo. Tsopano iwo akukhulupirira kuti ufumu wa Pontian posachedwa udzagonjera ku republic.

Kutsika ndi kugwa

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mithridates VI, Pontasi inagwa. Republic of Rome, atapambana nkhondo ndi mnzako, anapanga gawo lakumadzulo kwa ufumuwo chigawo chake. Kummawa, mphamvu ya dzina la mafumu a Pontian inasungidwa, koma makamaka adadalira Roma. Mwana wa Mithradates, Pharnaces II, anayesa kutsitsimutsa mphamvu ya atate ake. Anagwiritsira ntchito mwayi wa kuphulika kwa nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni ku Rome ndipo anaukira dzikoli. Farnac anatha kubwerera ku Cappadocia ndi Lesser Armenia.

Komabe, kupambana kwake kunali kosakhalitsa. Kaisara atamasulidwa ku chipwirikiti, adapita kummawa kuti akalange Pharnaces. Pa nkhondo yovuta ya Zela, Aroma adagonjetsedwa mosagonjetsa. Apa ndiye kuti mapiko a Chilatini akuti "Veni vidi vici" adawonekera - "anadza, saw, won."

Julius Caesar, komabe, anasiya maudindo aulemu m'manja mwa oloŵa nyumba a Mithridates. Pobwezera, adadzizindikira okha kuti ndi anthu a ku Rome. Pomaliza, mutuwu unathetsedwa ndi Emperor Nero mu 62 AD. Wolamulira womaliza wa ufumu wa Pontian, Polemon Wachiwiri, adatsutsa mosatsutsika, popeza adalibe chuma cholimbana ndi Roma.