Kodi lestvichnaya dongosolo: tanthauzo, tanthauzo ndi ntchito

Agnatic mkulu mu historiography sadziwa kuti ndi wa madongosolo a motsatizana mu monarchies. Nthawi zambiri mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachibale kwa akale nthawi Lazaro ang'onoang'ono kugawikana.

Magwero a dongosolo

Angaperekedwe mfundo ya cholowa (kapena "lestvichnaya dongosolo") anaonekera kwa Rurik mafumu. Poyamba, Russia anali limodzi centralized boma likulu lake ku Kiev. Iwo unadza mu 882 pamene Oleg ogwirizana latsopano likulu kum'mwera kwa Novgorod Wamkulu. Kenako akalonga analamulira, moyo pa magombe a Danube. Ndi mbadwo uliwonse Rurikovich kukula chiwerengero cha anthu (abale, ndi thoroughbreds T. D.).

Mu Svyatoslav X atumwi anatuma ana ang'ono ngati akazembe a mizinda ina. Mwambo umenewu anapulumuka ndi pambuyo pake. Pa nthawi yomweyo, izi zinapangitsa kuti zipolowe ndi internecine nkhondo. The kalonga sanafune kukhala mu mkhalidwe kudalira Kiev ndipo mwina okha analanda mzinda uwu, kapena analengeza ufulu wawo. Komabe, nthawi iliyonse ngati nkhondo Odzipatula inatha mu chimodzi ndi chomwecho, munthu ofuna chinapeza, anazunzidwa adani ake ndi mphamvu kachiwiri ogwirizana. Sinali lestvichnaya dongosolo, koma zoyamba ake okha.

Osanyengelera

Maluwa a boma wakale Russian anadza mu ulamuliro wa Yaroslava Mudrogo yemwe anamwalira mu 1054. Monga makolo ake, iye anatumanso ana aang'ono ngati akazembe (mu Novgorod, Pereslavl, ndi zina zotero. D.). Ndipo, ndithudi, kamodzi nkhondo inayamba chifukwa cha ichi. Jaroslav ana sanathe kuthetsa mwankhondo, amene iwo ali wolondola, choncho onse anasonkhana pamodzi ku msonkhano mu Liubech. Izi zinachitika mu 1097. Nthawi iyi, mphamvu kukangana adzukulu Yaroslav. Inali pa msonkhano uno lestvichnaya dongosolo Analeredwa.

Osanyengelera A inam'lasa chifukwa chakuti chuma ndi moyo wa dziko akhala kuonongedwa ndi nkhondo zonse. Komanso, Asilavo anaopseza mdani kunja. Amenewa anali Cumans - zakutchire wongosamukasamuka amene anakhala m'chipululu kum'mwera ndi kum'mawa kwa Russia. Iwo zonse bungwe maulendo zolusa mtendere mzinda, anagonjetsa kapena umene msonkho. Kutsutsa iwo, kukakamiza ukulu yaing'ono sikunali kokwanira. boma unasiya kukhala wonse, zinali ngati patchwork zoyala, aliyense "chidutswa" kutsatira zofuna zawo.

Magulu waukulu mu Congress anali Svyatoslav Izyaslavovich (Kalonga wa Kiev), Vladimir Monomakh (Pereslavl kalonga) ndi Oleg Svyatoslavovych (Kalonga wa Chernigov). Iwo amakhala akusemphana ndi mzake. Komabe, io kugwirizana. Latsopano lestvichnaya cholowa dongosolo anatengedwa ndi maphwando, amatchula malamulo kumangako kwa olamulira onse.

mbali Ofunika

Akalonga anazindikira ofanana. Aliyense wa iwo anali kulandira cholowa, chimene iye ali kwa bambo wake. Kwenikweni, iwo anali atazindikira ufulu wa pakati zigawo za Kiev. Pa nthawi yomweyo, "mayi a mizinda ya ku Russia" ayenera kutsatira kalonga, yemwe anali wamkulu mu Mafumu. Ichi chimatanthauza kuti pambuyo Svjatopolka mphamvu tipite kwa Vladimir Monomakh (msuwani wake), ngati mmene zinachitikira 1113. Ichi chinali dongosolo cholunjika lestvichnaya. Kiev wadutsa achikulire m'bale wamng'ono. malamulo Komanso anali ana choyamba, kenako asuweni zawo ndi zina zotero. D. dongosolo wakhala osakhazikika. Nthawi zambiri ntchito wapathengo anapandukira akulu awo. Nthawi zina ankakwanitsa.

ulamuliro wina chidwi chimene chimasiyanitsa dongosolo lestvichnaya cholowa wakhala mwambo wopanda khalidwe. Otchedwa akuluakulu a Rurik mafumu, omwe atate sanakhale moyo mpaka yake kulamulira Kiev (kapena mudzi wina aliyense). Nthawi zambiri, kuwapatula amenewa ntchito mu utumiki wa olamulira ena ndi adventurers kukhala. Ena anapatsidwa cholowa chapadera mu kudya latsopano kunandithandiza chiwerengero cha mabungwe a ndale mu Russia.

Kufanana ndi senoratom

Dziwani kuti malamulo ofanana mu Russia sanali wapadera. M'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya, ku Middle Ages, mfundo imeneyi anali wotchuka ngati njira yabwino kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa mabanja wamphamvu. Pali senoratom otchedwa dongosolo lino. Kusiyana kokha kuti boma la Russia kenako anayamba siteji ya azingokhala, ndipo limatanthauza kenako, ndipo kuthyoka.

Russia ndi dongosolo lestvichnaya

Komanso akalonga Liubech anavomera kuti tsopano zonse pamodzi Iwo adzamenyana Polovtsian ndi kutumiza squads awo ambiri asilikali. Ndi lalikulu linali kokha zabwino zotsatira Lyubech Congress mu 1097.

Kenako chaka kusiyana pakati ndi zigawo mu Kiev anayamba noticeable. Oyaka lestvichnaya mphamvu kufala dongosolo wakhala chimodzi mwa zifukwa kwambiri kwa ndondomekoyi. Kiev anasiya utsogoleri wake, pambuyo anagwidwa ndi asilikali Andreya Bogolyubskogo mu 1168. Pa nthawi yomweyo Vladimir-Suzdal Prince sanakhale pa Dnieper, ndi kuika kumbuyo angakuthandizeni ake. Izi potsiriza anatsimikizira kuti latsopano zinthu - watha kukhala likulu la Kiev Lazaro.

Kugawikana ndi kwachititsa kusiyana chikhalidwe pakati pa mizinda kumpoto ndi kum'mwera. Mu zaka zoyambilira, pamene panali lestvichnaya system (tanthauzo makamaka otchuka pakati mbiri yakale m'zaka za m'ma XIX), izo sizinali noticeable kwambiri. Komabe, nkhondo Mongol ndi zikamera wa boma wamphamvu Chilituyaniya potsiriza anasiya alankhulane pakati pa kum'mwera ndi nkhalango steppe kumpoto.

zimayambitsa

Nthawi zambiri pali kungokangana: zimene lestvichnaya dongosolo? Iyi ndi ngozi movutika kapena ndi chitsanzo. Poyerekeza Analysis wa Russia ndi monarchies European wa Ages Middle limasonyeza kuti kani Kukamba pa nkhani ya mbiri. Mu England, France, ndipo makamaka mu Germany mu nkhope anali kugawikana yomweyo kugwirizana ndi kubweranso kwa dziko kudyetsa. Ine sindikuganiza kuti cholowa anapatsidwa kalonga makamaka - pakuti wakhala kumuwombera, amene ali yense ukulu anali chamankhwala chodalirika ndi mphamvu pachimake.

Ndi kalasi (mwa kulankhula kwina, boyars mtsogolo) anali kumbuyo maonekedwe a ufulu ku maukulu zigawo. Agnatic mkulu inali njira yokhayo kuchotsa kudalira mwadzina "pakati" ayi. Mu Russian kumpoto (Novgorod, Pskov) kwa zaka XV-XVI. Komiti ndi mabwalo zinakhala mtundu. Nzika za mizinda imeneyi anasangalala ufulu wapadera. paokha akalonga linapangidwa zikomo zotheka chuma (chifukwa kusinthanitsa ndi anansi kumadzulo), komanso kuwombola chikhalidwe ndi anthu a ku Ulaya chomwecho (Mwachitsanzo, anthu a ku League Hanseatic).

Chokana mkulu agnatic

Agnatic mkulu anapulumuka nthawi ya Mongol ulamuliro pa Russia. Iwo wodzilemekeza mwambo kuti zolemba ku khans kulamulira (ndiye kwambiri, monga ulamuliro, kusankha imagwera mokomera akuluakulu). Pankhaniyi, fupa la makani sanatero Kiev, effete, ndi Vladimir pa-Klyazma.

Pamene ogwirizana maukulu Russian padziko Moscow (XV atumwi), boma la Russia olamulira anakana amapha malo kumapeto. Mphamvu wakhala autocratic ndi wokhawo. Abale ndi achibale ena aamuna kukhala akazembe kapena abwanamkubwa nominee kuchigawo chimenechi.