Kodi mukudziwa zimene caravel?

Kumbukirani, ena ngalawa kutali India Columbus? Kwa nthawi yoyamba iye anamva dzina la sailboats awa, involuntarily anati: "Kodi chikondi! Ndipo kodi caravel? "Ndipotu dzina la luso akale ali ndi phokoso melodic kwambiri, ndipo zikuoneka kuti ndi okongola kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri chokongoletsedwa ndi thupi matabwa molemera chosema ndiponso kusangalala kwambiri mu mphepo matanga anawapanga iwo amaoneka ngati bwato wovuta.

Caravel Sitima: Mbiri ya chiyambi ndi etymology

Pali njira zambiri kufotokoza chiyambi cha mawu. Malinga ndi mmodzi wa iwo, dzina la sailboats awa ali mizu Chipwitikizi ndipo amachokera Baibulo diminutive mawu caravo (boti). Koma Italy ndikukhulupirira kuti ngalawa caravel wotchedwa choncho chifukwa cha kukongola ndi kukongola, ndipo dzina lake likuchokera ku pophatikizana mawu awiri Italy - Cara (wokongola) ndi Bella (wokongola). Ndipo pali buku la chiyambi Greek, chimene chimachokera kwa mawu χαραβος (ksarabos). Mumtambowo ndi Latin carabus (nsugwi bwato), ndi mawu Russian "Sitima". Inde, Chitaliyana Baibulo - kwambiri wokongola mwachilungamo pafupi tanthauzo, chifukwa caravel - sitima ndi kwenikweni wokongola kwambiri. Komabe, olemba mbiri amakonda kukhulupirira kuti mawu icho mizu Greek.

Kodi caravel?

Ngalawa zimenezi zinali zofala Ulaya mu 13-16 zaka TH. Chifukwa zaka zimenezo, Spain ndi Portugal ankatengedwa mphamvu Yaikulu apanyanja ndi lalikulu atulukira Hrs a iwo, iwo mwachibadwa anatenga fleets wamphamvu kwambiri ndi zapamwamba. Mbali yaikulu ya chiwerengero cha Spanish fleets mpaka m'ma 15 munamutcha bwalo wotchedwa "caravel" (onani chithunzi nkhani). Choncho, ndife atulukira zonse zazikulu oyendetsa kusonkhana nawo, koma sailboats ena m'madzi - karakki -. Zambiri More nawo maulendo ataliatali Hristofora Kolumba, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, etc. kuvomereza wa Karakka simukhala kumva chilichonse pamene caravels nthawi zonse tinali pa kumva, ndipo ndi dalitso lonse dzina lawo ndakatulo. Caravel! Kukongola, usanene chilichonse. Iwo anali thuu kapena ziwiya zitatu masted ndi oblique mwachindunji kapena (Latin) rigged. Amene akufuna kudziwa zambiri zimene caravel, tikhoza kuwonjezera kuti iwo anali ndi mtundu wapadera wa alumikizana plating. Choncho, ngati pa mabwalo ena anali anasankha njira otchedwa a "zimalowana", ndiye izi, chilikupita bolodi ndi khungu woyenera mwamphamvu kwa wina ndi mzake. Kuwonjezera zimasiyanitsa mbali ya sitima awa akhala yotsimikizika ubwenzi luso kutalika kwa m'lifupi (4: 1), pamaso pa sitimayo limodzi ndi wokhwimitsa anamuukitsa, umene kotheka yopita ndi mphepo chilungamo. Pa caravels kawirikawiri masts atatu, ndi triangular kupalasa yomatidwa ndi reyam oblique.

Pakati zombo za Hristofora Kolumba zombo ofanana anali "Nina" ndi "Pinta", koma otchuka "Santa Maria" uli m'badwo watsopano Panyanja - Karakka. Mwa chidule, caravel - boti chombo, amene chifukwa maneuverability wake, pamodzi ndi zambiri zotsogola Karakka anakwanitsa kusambira ku gombe la Novaya Zemlya. Ngalawa zimenezi n'zomwe bwino zida. Kukula yaing'ono ya sitimayo sikuloledwa kwa adzaikidwa pa mfuti zawo zida zankhondo. Choncho, chitetezo okha iwo anali muskets zikuluzikulu, zimene anaiika kutsogolo.

Chikusintha caravels

M'kupita kwa nthawi, caravels zinayamba kusintha. Iwo m'malo matanga oblique anali molunjika, ndipo chifukwa cha iwo makhoti mosavuta kusamalira ndi mphepo chilungamo. Kolumbovskaya "Pinta" a mbadwo watsopano wa caravels, ndipo iye anali ndi mwachindunji sanali Latin matanga, pamene "Nini" ali triangular, monga zitsanzo chakale, limene pachiyambi anatumikira monga zolinga nsomba.

Columbus pamaso ankadutsa nyanja ya Atlantic kuchokera kwa Azores waganiza m'malo matanga slanting pa "Palinso" molunjika. Ndipo anachita. Ndipotu, Ngati sikudali kotero, caravel, mwina sanali kuwafika kugombe la America. Pang'onopang'ono anatuluka ntchito matanga Latin-mtundu. Ndipo ngati munthu wina anamufunsa zimene caravel, ndiye palibe amene anena kuti khothi ndi oblique chilikupita zida.

Pomaliza

Mu njira pali kufotokozera ambiri ziwiya amenewa, pafupifupi munthu mafanizo inu mukhoza kulingalira, zimene anali caravels kwenikweni. Ambiri mwa zojambula ndi zidachitika pambuyo kwambiri, pamene boti kalekale mwa ntchito. Komabe, mpaka tinafika ku caravel image, anapanga Lisbon mu 1520. Uyamiko kwa Iye, kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa chombo amakhala kokwanira kwambiri. Pa cithunzithunzi ziwiri masted caravel (onani chithunzi kumanja) ndi kupalasa oblique. Iwo akufotokozedwa pa retablo ku St. tsverkvi. Avty. Ndi momwe anali ofunika kwambiri chotengera izi Portugal mu nyengo ya atulukira kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri.