Kodi ndondomeko Hrs m'chilengedwe

Geography - mmodzi wa sayansi yosangalatsa ndiponso zogwirizana anthu. Musachite M'badwo wa Apeza, tidzakhalabe sindikudziwa, imene lalikulu ndi osiyanasiyana dziko tikukhala. Mwachidule, chidziwitso zikuluzikulu chilango chofunika pafupifupi munthu aliyense.

Ndipo kodi inu mukudziwa zomwe ndondomeko malo osiyanasiyana? Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo chifungulo cha kumvetsa chimene chimadalira pa khalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa nzeru osati zintchito komanso ya sayansi zokhudzana.

mfundo zofunika

Mawu "ndondomeko" amatanthauza kusintha kwa zinthu za ngakhale dongosolo lonse. ndondomeko Geographical (zitsanzo timapereka pansipa) - ndi mapangidwe dongosolo latsopano padziko lapansili, ndi kozama ake. Udindo kusintha mu zosiyanasiyana nthumwi za morphogenesis. Asayansi ambiri kutifotokozera awa ndi mawu akuti "wamphamvu" chifukwa iwo akukhulupirira (ndipo pachifukwa) kuti kokha ngati magulu morphological kungachititse kuti kusintha kwambiri.

Chotero mawonedwe izo zikutsimikiziridwa ndi chakuti ambiri njira malo amene (amakhala osiyana) relefopreobrazuyuschimi akhala mwachindunji ntchito pa analipo mtunda mwachangu yosintha izo.

Anthu ambiri sangathe kumvetsa za makambidwe oyerekeza kuti sayansi zimene ndi ndondomeko lawolawo. Zitsanzo za mokwanira osiyanasiyana, koma athanso kukumbukira mbale tectonic kuyenda. Izi ziri chimodzimodzi mphamvu (onani pamwamba), chinthu chimene chimatsogolera ku aakulu kusintha morphological osati malo a chigawo chomwe mufuna, koma dziko lapansi lonse. chokhala ndi kulowerera, chotero inunso oyenereradi kuti takambirana pamwambapa tanthauzo.

Kufunika kwa mfundo

N'zosadabwitsa kuti kuphunzira zinthu zimenezi akuti maziko a Geography ndi nthaka. Chitsanzo ongolankhula VM Davis, mawu akuti "ndondomeko" ali malo ofunika kwambiri pakati pa kapangidwe ndi magawo a kusintha ndiponso Ndipotu kuphunzira wasayansi akadali ndi chimodzi mwa ofunika zofunika. M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa osati kupereka tanthauzo mwatsatanetsatane chodabwitsa mafunso kodi ndondomeko Hrs, komanso kupereka chitsanzo cha kalembedwe wake.

mbali Ofunika

Kuweta khalidwe njira Hrs kuti iwo akhoza kuchita nawo mu morphogenesis a padziko lapansi, komanso amathandiza kuti kayendedwe ka zipangizo ozungulira mzindawo kuti akutumikira monga chizindikiro cha kufunika mu lithogenesis. Ndiyeno mu kusanthula udindo wawo wonse akhoza zija za kufunika malangizo kulemba.

M'pomveka kunena kuti pali zambiri classifications zosiyanasiyana ndi ziri kusonyeza akamanena za njira Hrs, koma akutsatira mfundo ziwiri kapena zitatu, amene si zokwanira kufufuza kwambiri. Ife sitimanena kuti kufotokoza njira zochuluka za kalembedwe. M'malo mwake, nkhani asamalira ntchito njira Hrs mu chikhalidwe ndi mwayi wa gulu lawo mfundo.

Kufunika kwa Nature

Geographic speciation ndondomeko ikukhudza mmene zinthu Hrs pa zikamera wa mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo: kusintha mpumulo wachibadidwe bwanji kusamuka nyama, zakudya zawo. Nzosadabwitsa kuti mchikakamizo cha zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri subspecies latsopano.

Geological ndondomeko ya kulowerera chokhala kwachititsa (ndi kutsogolera mpaka) kusintha mu nyengo, maonekedwe ndi mofulumira masauzande a mtundu watsopano, amene ambiri a ife kudziwa sadzakumbutsanso. mfundozi chinathandiza mapangidwe madipoziti zachilengedwe mafuta, malasha ndi malasha mpweya.

njira zonse zamoyo, ziribe kanthu momwe zonyozeka mawu lonse iwo akhoza kuyang'ana, kungatithandize kwambiri pa malo m'mayiko ambiri.

A pang'ono mmene zinthu danga

Akukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwakukulu landforms kutsogolera yekha zochitika wothandizira amene anayambika pa dziko palokha (kwa mitsinje, mphepo, etc.). Anthu kwathunthu kuyiwala za magawo koyamba chitukuko ya Dziko Lapansi, pamene zinthu zazikulu ndi ndondomeko ya chilengedwe dziko. Kumene, ndi ndime ya nthawi kusanduka m'mlengalenga wabwinobwino, kufunika kwake anagwa pang'ono, koma inu simungakhoze kuiwala iwo.

Ndi Mwachitsanzo, kugwa kwa kugwa kwa miyala yochokera kwa. Asayansi amati kamodzi chodabwitsa ofanana kwachititsa kuti kutha kwa zinyamazi, pamene kwathunthu analamulira pa dziko, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo. Padziko Lapansi ndi tsiku kuda ichi cha mathithi a matupi a m'mwamba, ndi m'madera ena pali zimaphala yaikulu ku meteorites amene anagwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Si kwambiri ndi ndondomeko ya speciation zachilengedwe ndi malo osiyanasiyana, monga chodabwitsa cha chiwonongeko cha mitundu ya zamoyo.

Sikuti kukhulupirira kuti masiku amenewo ali, ngati chinachake monga icho kuti chichitike kachiwiri mu nthawi yathu, dziko lapansili zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi kwambiri, zasintha pa masinthidwe nyengo siyenera.

Choncho, aliyense ndondomeko Hrs (. Kuwona chithunzi m'nkhani) Kodi m'malo wosakhazikika: kusintha wothandizila zofunika pansi kanthu amene ali kusinthidwa ake zazikulu kumachitika nthawi iliyonse.

Kodi n'chiyani?

Nthawi zambiri, asayansi safuna kusokoneza nkhani pansi kuphunzira, choncho kufalitsa gulu yosavuta zodabwitsa kuti: kutsitsa pamwamba, kupulumutsa mu mkhalidwe womwewo kapena ofanana okwera maonekedwe.

Ngati inu ntchito kufanizitsa izi kwa kutalika kwa nthawi, zimaonekeratu kuti njira zonse zikubweretsa pamwamba kapena dismemberment (zolakwa), kapena kuti kukhazikika ake pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, aliyense ndondomeko Hrs (tanthauzo la mawu akuti takupatsani kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino) akhoza zimachitika umodzi wokha wa magulu ziwiri zazikulu. Njira iyi osati mu nkhani iliyonse, koma nthaŵi zina, zimenezi ndi wolungamitsidwa.

Choncho, kukokoloka pang'onopang'ono pa mapiri (mphepo, madzi) mu kutsogolera aliyense mlandu kwa chigwa awo kukhala. chitsanzo changwiro - mapiri a Ural, komwe ndi zotsatira za njira zovuta Hrs zikuchitika kwa zaka masauzande ambiri Ndipotu unasiya kukhala.

Zosintha zoipa

Monga zimachitika kawirikawiri, popeza si lalikulu ndi ambiri zowononga ndi zoipa poyerekezera chodabwitsa munthu. Tiyeni tione zitsanzo zambiri lililonse zace. Inu mwina kale anaganiza kuti tikambirana za zochitika Hrs zachilengedwe, zomwe pa miyoyo yathu makamaka chogwirika amadza.

• Kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Izi ndondomeko ya kunyoza dothi ndi miyala pamene mbali chigawo zake ndi osambitsidwa ndi madzi ndi pang'onopang'ono anawonongedwa ndi mphepo. Njira zambiri tima wa mtundu uwu Tingaone mu mapiri ndi mapiri alili chifukwa inept kulima dziko.

• Kugumuka - kulephera kwa khwimbi lalikulu la miyala mchikakamizo cha mphamvu yokoka, ndi chifukwa cha mvula. Similar physicogeographical njira lililonse kwa madera a mapiri.

• Tinakhala. An chodabwitsa woopsa kwambiri. Izi mgwirizano mofulumira osakaniza dothi, thanthwe zinyalala, chisanu, ayezi ndi madzi. Zinyalala utuluke akhoza kunyamula kuchokera pansi mzinda wonse mu maminiti pang'ono. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, iwo anati makamaka mu mapiri.

• Karst. chodabwitsa Izi zikutanthauza zikamera wa cavities lalikulu m'chikondi cha mwa matanthwe a pansi padziko. Ichi ndi chifukwa makhalidwe miyala ya thanthwe, lomwe sachedwa leaching mofulumira. Mwachitsanzo, cavities karst kwa yochepa nthawi anapanga monga laimu pa.

• Pang'onopang'ono swamping gawo chifukwa tebulo mkulu madzi, nthaka kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe. chodabwitsa ndi zina mwa madera ambiri a dziko lathu.

Choncho, dera zochitika zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kuposa mwawamba.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira karst

Akukhulupirira (ndi ena magazini sayansi n'zotheka kukumana ndi maganizo ofanana) kuti njira karst alibe chinthu choterocho kwambiri mbali Hrs ndi miyala ya m'deralo. Ayi.

Mwachitsanzo, Yucatán. chakuti Akatswiriwa ndi geographers zambiri kuyerekezera ndi yaikulu tchizi mutu wina anaponya mu nyanja. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti padziko lonse kwenikweni litadzala ndi zolephera ndi zolakwa. Ndipo iwo, pamene inu mukhoza ndikuganiza, chimodzimodzi basi chiyambi karst. Mu nkhani iyi, sizingakanidwe kuti zinthu izi malo osiyanasiyana ndi zochitika mmene anthu ambiri lalikulu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha dera malo.

Komanso, Karst zimenezo lonse amathandiza ena kulakwa nyengo. A ambiri sinkholes karst, bottoms awo nthawi zambiri nyanjayi amati ndi zinanso chinthu ku mavuto a nyengo ndi hydration. Mderali zambiri mvula, amene ali mmodzi wa wothandizira chachikulu cha kukokoloka madzi.

Tikumbukenso kuti si bwino Mukalongosola malo njira karst mu chiwerengero gulu. Iwo akhoza zimachitika onse mobisa ndi njira lapansi. M'malo mwake, iwo ali gawo la magulu awiriwa nthawi yomweyo. Choncho, izi ndondomeko Hrs, chithunzi cha amene anatchulidwa mu nkhani, ndi zofunika ku mawonedwe a kusinthidwa nzika za malo a dziko lathuli.

Kulanga njira nyengo

Chilala, otentha mphepo, mikuntho, matalala aakulu, ndipo ambiri njira zina nyengo - si chinthu ndandanda wa zochitika negative. Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo mwatsatanetsatane:

• Sukhov. Yotentha ndi mphepo yotentha umene umachitika kutentha mpweya kuposa madigiri 25 Celsius ndi wachibale chinyezi wa osachepera ake 25%. Mkati Russia, iwo pafupifupi zimachokeradi, koma nthawi zonse anati mu mayiko a ku Central Asia wa USSR kale.

• Mkuntho wa fumbi ndi mchenga. Zonse uka m'madera amenewa kumene chifukwa kukokoloka kwa nthaka, zomera mizu salinso mulimbitse zigawo chapamwamba nthaka. Mu zinthu izi, mphepo iliyonse kungakhale yamkuntho.

• Pa mphepo imathamanga pamwamba mamita 29 pa mphindi, pali mphepo yamkuntho. Izi ndondomeko Hrs ndi woopsa kwambiri, monga mphepo yamphamvu akhoza imautsa zikamera mafunde yaikulu nyanja, n'kuliza kuchuluka yaikulu lachonde likamatenthetsa ngakhale sitima zazikulu nyanja.

• Mvula imatengedwa akumane malo osiyanasiyana ndondomeko ngati maola 12 adzaleka millimeters oposa 50 mpweya. Ichi ndi choopsa kwambiri, kuyambira wambirimbiri madzi mosavuta amakwiya matope utuluke wamphamvu, kugumuka, amachititsa chikhamu chachikulu.

• Castle, limene kwa millimeters oposa 20 awiri, komanso limabweretsa gulu ili, chifukwa angathandize kusintha kwa nyengo pa m'madera ambiri chifukwa chiwonongeko chotheratu cha zomera.

kalembedwe

Popeza malo ndi njira akhoza wachinsinsi? Kulemba zinthuzo ayenera idzachitika mogwirizana ndi chilinganizo yosonyeza zinthu zitatu izi: makhalidwe alili, ndondomeko ndi zinthu zina zimene mwachindunji kapena ayi bwanji kusintha mu Edene. Onani kuti chilinganizo ofanana ntchito mu sayansi nthaka. Koma mu nkhani iyi, zinthu zonse kuyenera kusonkhezera mzake zina kuti adzipeza directionally ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo.

Kawirikawiri pa nsoka wa amkati ndi njira exogenous. Koma tsopano pafupifupi onse odziwika asayansi amavomereza kuti gulu ili ndi cholakwika: mawu amenewa amasonyeza ndondomeko kutanthauzira, koma kanthu za zifukwa asayembekezere.

Ngati timatenga maziko a akuya padziko lapansi, pafupifupi zochitika onse oterewa akhoza zimachitika mkati. mfundo ndi yakuti mu kuchita izo Sutha kuona makamaka malo osiyanasiyana ndondomeko. Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti madera onse a anthu? Only kuti akatswiri munda amene akutsogozedwa ndi mfundo ya gulu pamwamba, amakakamizidwa kudalira kwambiri pa nzeru zawo ndi maganizo kuposa pa maziko olimba sayansi.

N'chifukwa chake tikufuna kunena kuti kwambiri waphindu ndi zifukwa zotsatirazi mfundo ina olekanitsa:

• njira Geographical chiyambi tectonic. Ambiri ndi wochititsa kusintha lonse la mpumulo.

• Chiphala. Similar mitundu m'mbuyomo.

• Isostatic.

• njira kukokoloka-accumulative mu mabuku ambiri a sayansi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa fluvial.

• zochitika yokoka. Musachepetse mphamvu yokoka, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe cha mitundu yambiri yatsopano m'malo pamwamba.

• Eolian.

• Mapangidwe cavities karst, amene takambirana kale pamwambapa.

• Suffusion.

• Okhakhala njira, amene makamaka kutchulidwa m'madera a mapiri. miyala Limbikirani zonse pogaya formations khola zochepa, kumachita monga sandpaper.

• The zochitika za cryogenic thanthwe (ndi postkriogennye). Zonse yozizira koopsa ndi thawing mu palibe pang'ono kumathandiza kusintha malo. Izi makamaka kutchulidwa m'madera a mapiri.

• Glacial njira.

• Fluvioglacial chodabwitsa.

• njira Biogenic zachilengedwe. Ndi iwo, chirichonse imavuta kwambiri, chifukwa anthu ambiri amanyalanyaza zotsatira za nyama zakuthengo padziko lathuli. Nthawiyi okwanira kukumbukira mapangidwe madipoziti khala kuti atsimikizire inaccuracy mfundo ngati maganizo.

• The zochitika za weathering ndi mapangidwe nthaka.

• zochitika dziko. Zikuphatikizapo milandu kugwa meteorites lalikulu, amene kalelo zambiri anapanga zimaphala chiphona.

• Anthropogenic njira.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira anthropogenic

Pa luso la anthu kulenga mavuto a zachilengedwe akunena kwambiri. Species ikutha, madzi ndi mpweya ... Kodi kawirikawiri kumbukirani kuti zochita za anthu - wamphamvu chirengedwe ndondomeko imene ingathandize kwambiri kusintha malo ozungulira. Nthawi zina ngakhale pamlingo m'mapulaneti.

anthu ambiri sadziwa Wall Wamkulu wa China, koma osati onse akuganiza kuti ali kwambiri anasintha mtunda lawolawo. Nyumba iyi si anangowona ku malo (zomwe palokha akutsimikiza bwinobwino nkhani yolembedwa tanenera). Khoma pa nthawi ina kwambiri linaphwanya kusamuka maulendo mitundu yambiri chifukwa yomanga ake ankangomumwaza pambali kapena yokutidwa ndi mitsinje angapo ang'onoang'ono, osati kutchula mitsinje. Choncho, m'madera ambiri, chomwe umachitika, zinthu kwambiri yafupika mphamvu ya mphepo ndi madzi osefukira, omwe sakanakhoza koma bwanji mbali Hrs a m'deralo.

Ziri chomwecho tinganene za zomangamanga ndi ntchito m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Iwo kwambiri kusintha, ndipo nthawi zina kosatheka, kusamuka nyama, pamene yomanga awo ndi chitukuko cha kwathunthu kusintha mitsinje, inaimitsidwa kapena koletsedweratu zimene wothandizila ambiri njira lawolawo.

mitundu ina

Monga Tingaone gulu pamwamba, ambiri a njira anawagawa subspecies, chifukwa kusiyana wothandizila waukulu kuti zinthu mwachindunji Edene. Mwachitsanzo, panopa mtsinje zimaonekera madzi - ndi wothandizila fluvial njira.

Malinga zinthu zachilengedwe zimene umagwira ntchito ndi wothandizila kuperekedwa, njira akhoza yodziwika yeniyeni M'madzimu nthaka ndi mobisa. Koma kodi ndondomeko Hrs, mwa mawu a nthawi zofunika chitukuko? More ndendende, momwe m'kagulu mu nkhani iyi?

Kufanizitsa mawu a Kuwerengera

njira zonse chirengedwe akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu potengera makhalidwe awo kuchuluka. Pa nthawi imene iwo ali mawonetseredwe ano, wakale ndi chidina. Komanso, kusiyanitsa zokhazikika (rhythmic chodabwitsa mu chipolopolo Geographic) ndi ayi (zosakhalitsa) chodabwitsa. Pankhani mlingo otaya, kusiyanitsa kudya, n'kamodzi ndi wosakwiya ndondomeko.

Iwo ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri za Baibulo atsopano a gulu la akadali yomangika mtsutso ngati n'zotheka "kutigwira" njira Hrs mu chimango nthawi iliyonse. Chofunika kwambiri kuposa mphamvu zawo ndi luso kuchita gulu la zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene kumatanthauza kusintha mtunda.

Zina mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu

Pali classifications ambiri a mitundu, aliyense wa iwo ali ndi ufulu kulibe. Mwachitsanzo, posachedwapa wakhala akufuna kuti yokoka kupatukana ndi antigravity njira malo osiyanasiyana mu chirengedwe. Njira imeneyi Sikoyenera milandu onse. Komanso tisaiwale kuti matenda a dziko lathuli musalole kulankhula kwambiri za chikhalidwe cha zinthu za wotsutsa-yokoka.

Ndicho chimene ndondomeko lawolawo. Monga mukuonera, lingaliro limeneli ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa kumvetsa zinthu zodabwitsa zambiri zimene zimachitika padziko lathuli ndi zonse, kaya zinthu zina.