Kulankhula: Zolankhula njira. Anatomical ndi thupi zimagwirira wa kulankhula

Imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu kuti kusiyanitsa chitukuko cha munthu ndi nyama (monga mwa thupi komanso mawu chikhalidwe ndi maganizo), ndi. Ndi ndondomeko ya mgwirizano pakati pa anthu kudzera chinenero. Zochita tsiku ndi tsiku, lingaliro la "kulankhula" "chinenero" nthawi zambiri ntchito synonymously. Komabe, ngati tiyandikira nkhani ku mfundo za sayansi mmene mfundo izi akhale wolemekezeka.

kapangidwe chinenero

Language ndi dongosolo la zizindikiro kutumikira monga njira kulankhulana anthu ndi kuganiza (Psychological Dictionary /., Ed. V. V. Davydova, A. V. Zaporozhtsa, B. F. Lomova). Izo zinabala mu njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, woimira mawonekedwe chinyezimiro cha kuli chikhalidwe mu maganizo a anthu. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti munthu analandira wokonzeka lilime, limene linakhazikitsidwa yaitali asanabadwe munthu imeneyi. Komabe, kukhala chonyamulira cha chinenero, nthawi yomweyo munthu utakhala gwero angathe chitukuko.

Kapangidwe ka chinenero zikuphatikizapo zigawo izi:

- mawu (dongosolo mawu tanthauzo)

- galamala (dongosolo la mitundu ya mawu ndi ziganizo)

- phonetics (ena phokoso zikuchokera, yekha chinenero yeniyeni khalidwe).

Zamalankhulidwe kulunjika a chinenero

The kulunjika chachikulu cha chinenero kuti ndi dongosolo zizindikiro, secures mawu aliwonse mtengo ena. Motero, tanthauzo lake ndi generic khalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "mzinda" akhoza pamodzi mu kuchuluka kwa midzi yeniyeni - kuyambira wamng'ono ndi pang'ono odziwika m'mizinda pano bwino kwa aliyense. Pa dzanja lina, ngati ife akunena za malo ena (mwachitsanzo, Nizhny Novgorod ndi Prague), tidzakhalanso ntchito mfundo yonena za "mzinda", koma pa nthawi yomweyo kutanthauza ndendende chinthu funso.

zimagwirira ntchito mawu

Ndi mbiri anayamba mawonekedwe kulankhulana anthu pogwiritsa (kwambiri maganizo dictionary / Mkonzi. B. G. Mescheryakova ndi VP Zinchenko). Zimakhala declarative, interrogative kapena kuwanyengerera dongosolo. Pa njira yomweyo maganizo kulankhula monga dongosolo la kulankhulana kupyolera mu chinenero chimodzimodzi zovuta kuposa njira za chinenero yokha. Mu ndondomeko ya kufala kwa mfundo iliyonse mothandizidwa ndi mawu n'kofunika osati kusankha mawu oyenerera kuti ndi phindu zenizeni, komanso mfundo zawo. Popeza mawu aliwonse, ngati tatchulazi, ndi generalization, funso ayenera kuchepetsa mpaka mlingo wa kudzimva ena. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? Udindo waukulu otchedwa "fyuluta" Pankhaniyi masewero nkhani, limene mawu anaikapo mu izo. Zimagwirira wa kulankhula ku mbali maganizo, motero, akhoza anatsimikiza ndi mfundo monga nkhani, subtext ndi chigawo chimodzi m'maganizo limaonetseratu.

nkhani zamalankhulidwe

Kotero, chitsanzo chathu, mawu akuti "mzinda" ndi kofunikira kumvetsetsa zimene tikufuna kudziwa za iye: "Kodi mtundu wa m'tawuni" Ngati funso zikumveka ngati kuti: "Kodi mzinda uwu" Choncho, tikulankhula za makhalidwe okhudza malo (malo pa mapu, momwe kuti, angati makilomita, amene ali pafupi, ndi zina zotero. d.). Ngati ndife chidwi funso ili: "Kodi chidwi mzinda uno", ndiye ife tikhoza kulankhula za ena zokopa (mwachitsanzo, mbiri, chikhalidwe kapena chuma). Chotero, funsolo monga kumanga chinenero ( "kodi tawuni ino") ndi kupanda tanthauzo ndipo amafuna nkhani zina. Kumangidwa kwa nkhani ino, nayenso ikuchitika mu ndondomeko kulankhula.

The subtext woyankhula

Chofunika kwambiri ndi tanthauzo la uthenga, ndilo phunziro akufuna kusonyeza mu izo. Zimagwirira wa kulankhula ikuchitika pansi pa apamaliro zamalankhulidwe, ndi kusonyeza mbali angalimbikitsire mawu athu. Monga tikudziwa, si nthawi zonse tanthauzo lenileni la izi kapena kuti mawu ali padziko - Nthawi zambiri timanena chinthu chimodzi koma zikutanthauza chinachake pa nthawi yomweyo (mpheto, osyasyalika, chilakolako kumasulira kukambirana, etc ...).

Mumtima limaonetseratu mbali ya kulankhula

Komanso kusiyana kwambiri ndi mitundu maganizo a mawu ndi chilankhulo. Kudzera matanthauzo mawu, ife osati amapereka zili zina, zokhudza chinthu - timuuza mwa kulankhula moyenera maganizo zimene zikulankhulidwa. Mkhalidwe umenewu ndi maganizo ndi limaonetseratu mbali ya kulankhula, ndipo aumbike mwa kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi ntchito mwa ife kutchula mawu a anafuulira mwa.

Intonation wa asilikali kulankhula

Language chitukuko monga ndondomeko kwathunthu chimakwirira mbali zonse za dera wapakamwa wa munthu, kuphatikizapo intonation pambali.

Intonation mbali - nyimbo (prosody) wa kulankhula - mwachindunji ndi chiyero chake, molondola ndi kukongola. Intonation n'chofunikira yaikulu utithandize phindu la mawu ndi kufotokoza zina zomveka kuposa mawu enieni okha. Komanso, tonally limaonetseratu kuwomba chinenero mosavuta analandira, monga timatha kuunikila zofunika kwambiri tanthauzo zamalankhulidwe pa mawu a.

Intonation limagwirira mapangidwe wa kulankhula wa paralinguistic njira zolankhulirana. Izi si zinenero (sanali wapakamwa) zida m'gulu uthenga mawu opatsirana pamodzi ndi chinenero (mchitidwe) kutanthauza atolankhani. Iwo akhoza kugawidwa zitatu (Shevtsova B. B., "Technology wa mapangidwe intonational mbali ya kulankhula"):

- phonational (makamaka kutchula phokoso, mau, ziganizo, anaima aggregates phokoso);

- kayendedwe (manja, nkhope, manja);

- zithunzi (makamaka cholembedwa mmalo makalata ndi mawu). njira Phonational monga ndipo intonation.

Intonation nawonso, ndi ya zomvetsera chinenero zipangizo phonetically yokonzekera, kukhazikitsa asapita zamalankhulidwe mbali cha chiganizocho, mawu akuti lipoti declarative, interrogative ndi ameneŵa mtengo, kulola wokamba kusonyeza osiyana. Zimagwirira ntchito ya kulemba ntchito posonyeza chimodzi kapena intonation pogwiritsa ntchito zopumira.

Mapangidwe intonational mbali ya kulankhula zimakhudza zigawo zikuluzikulu monga nyimbo, timbre, tempo, kayimbidwe kotani, nkhawa ndipo akuima.

1. nyimbo

Ndi yaikulu zikuluzikulu za intonation. Nyimbo ya mawu amasankha kusintha mamvekedwe pafupipafupi, zikuchitikanso pa nthawi (Torsueva IG). Nchito nyimbo:

- Kusankha magulu rhythmic mu kapangidwe ndi syntagmas watero,

- chizindikiritso cha mphindi kwambiri mwa ziganizo,

- ogwirizana mbali munthu mu watero wonse,

- adziwe chiŵerengero kumvera malemba analankhula,

- akuti subtext modal mithunzi.

Melodika watero popangidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe amajambulapo maluwa okongola angapo melodic - kochepa melodic mayunitsi kugwirizana ndi mndandanda rhythmic. Melody kapena zambiri mawu zimapanga amajambulapo maluwa okongola osiyanasiyana kapena akubwereza wa motif chomwecho.

Kulankhula nyimbo ndi melodic nyimbo - si chinthu chomwecho. Kulankhula nyimbo ndi kawirikawiri amasamala ngakhale kamvekedwe, nthawi zonse likutuluka, ndiye kugwa. Amagwiritsidwanso pafupipafupi kusintha intervals ake ndi malankhulidwe alibe nthawi yeniyeni. Mosiyana nyimbo, mawu nyimbo si woyenera mu chiwembu cha sikelo makamaka nyimbo.

Chimodzi chigawo nyimbo tipeze njira anatomical-thupi la kulankhula ndi phula pafupipafupi (Choate) - mbali wotsikitsitsa mu phokoso sipekitiramu wa reciprocal wa nthawi oscillation zingwe amapilira. M'mawu yachibadwa polankhula pali kusintha nthawi zonse pafupipafupi ofunika. Koma osiyanasiyana kusintha deta, amaonekera ndi makhalidwe munthu woyankhula nkhani, komanso akumvera ndi maganizo athanzi.

zimagwirira thupi la mawu poyerekezera Choate:

- amuna: 132 Hz,

- Women: 223 Hz,

- Ana: 264 Hz.

Koma kusiyanitsa phokoso mu msinkhu, izo Mzimuyo liwiro Phokoso la ntchito mawu makutu munthu. Nawonso limagwirira m'badwo wa kulankhula chifukwa Phokoso makutu zimadalira magawo monga liwiro otaya mpweya kudutsa glottis ya; m'lifupi glottis; elasticity mlingo wa zingwe ntchito mawu; misa akututuma gawo makutu.

Pa kusintha nthawi zonse phula pafupipafupi woomba kulankhula nyimbo imagwira ntchito kulankhulana kwa mbali munthu talkspurt ndi imodzi - kupatulidwa.

2. Timbre

Ndi nyimbo ya mwachindunji ndi khalidwe monga kamvekedwe ka funso. Komabe, njira lomveka bwino mfundo kamvekedwe kafukufuku umalimbana pa njira ya kulankhula maganizo, palibe. Pa dzanja limodzi, izo zikusonyeza makamaka timbre khalidwe phokoso coloration, zolengedwa chifukwa chiŵerengero yeniyeni mphamvu phula ndi harmonics ake (malingana ndi mawonekedwe a M'mimbamo a). Ku maganizo a za malo kamvekedwe amagwirizana ndi chiyero ndi kuwala woomba mawu. Choncho, ngati mawu kuti anthu ambiri akhoza kugawidwa, mawu ndi khalidwe payekha.

Komano, mawu tinganene kuti ngati zina phokoso coloration womwe umapereka malankhulidwe osiyana maganizo mawu. Njira imeneyi amakhala makamaka zilankhulo (phonology). Ofufuza za mikhalidwe timbre ndi zofunika kulankhula katundu, kuwonekera yekha mu mawu osiyanasiyana maganizo ndi kusintha mtundu kuvota.

3. mungoli

Ndi kusinthana nthaŵi zinthu nkhawa ndipo unstressed wa kulankhula (mawu, syllables) patatha yeniyeni ya nthawi. Amasonyeza gulu zokongoletsa phunziro zolembalemba, kulamula mawu ake ali bwinobwino.

4. Tempo

N'zimenenso munthu kulankhula tempo mawu mawu liwiro la zinthu mawu (syllables, mawu, syntagm). Akuti chiwerengero cha zinthu deta amalankhula wina wagawo nthawi (mwachitsanzo, wachiwiri). Mwachitsanzo, mlingo pafupifupi wolankhula pamene akulankhula ndi za 5-6 syllables pa mphindi.

Mwa ntchito zikuluzikulu za tempo anaganiza kuonetsetsa zotsatirazi: kukhalabe umphumphu wa intonation wa watero kulankhula ndi kulekana kwa kwambiri / mphindi zonyozeka mawu a. Mwachitsanzo, pa mphindi zofunika kwambiri zokhudza anthu amakonda m'mbuyo kuyenda. Ndipotu, ngati tikulankhula za chinthu osati yofunika kwambiri, izo Iyamba munthu. Mukhozanso penyani mathamangitsidwe wa mlingo wa kulankhula, pamene munthu safuna kuti zikope tcheru cha interlocutor mfundo zina ndi mawu a (amapezeka malonda).

Komanso, mlingo akhoza mufotokozere munthu makhalidwe maganizo woyankhula, kulankhula liwulo wake njira. Chinanso chofunika ndi chuma chawo ya woyankhula, kukhumba kwake kulenga chidwi ena, ndi zina zotero. D.

5. Kupanikizika

Njira ntchito kupeza mbali iliyonse ya mawu (syllables, mawu) angapo a zinthu zofanana. Iwo ikuchitika ndi akusintha makhalidwe lamayimbidwe mbali - kusintha kamvekedwe katchulidwe, kuchuluka mphamvu ndipo ena.

Kuonetsetsa mitundu ya kupanikizika, monga:

- (mau phonetic kukhulupirika kwa mawu)

- syntagmatic (syntagma malire)

- zomveka (chigogomeza mawu ofunika kwambiri)

- mawu (mapeto mawu).

6. Imani

Bwaloli yopuma (mchitidwe wotseka kulankhula). kulankhula njira Pankhaniyi akhale mitundu iwiri:

- woomba kulankhula yochepa linasokonekera, pali chete (weniweni Imani)

- kulenga zotsatira za yopuma mu woomba kulankhula ndi kusintha nyimbo, tempo kapena nkhawa mphamvu pa syntagmas malire (maganizo).

Intonation wa kulankhula mu oratory wakhala tcheru kwambiri, kuyambira nthawi ya kalekale. Theorists wa oratory ku Girisi ndi Roma, kuphunzira mawu nyimbo, zimasiyanitsa nyimbo, yodziwika ndi tempo, kayimbidwe kotani, Imani, ayesedwa kufunika kupereka mu mawu a ena mbali zamalankhulidwe.

K. S. Stanislavsky maphunziro ake udindo wa intonation mu dongosolo luso ed, analemba kuti chikhalidwe cha kamvekedwe, ndi mtundu zimadalira mawu kumveka ngati mavawelo ndi zilembo: "Zilembo - mtsinje, zilembo - mabanki." Kuti adziwe wangwiro intonation afunika kudziwa zina anatomical ndi thupi zimagwirira wa kulankhula:

- chofunika malo m'kamwa, milomo, lilime, limene ena kapena liu lina (amapilira zida chipangizo ndi resonators)

- ndi kulunjika wa kamvekedwe phokoso malingana ndi kumene mu M'mimbamo kumene resonates ndi kulangiza.

Zitatero, anthu awa ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha umisiri limaonetseratu kuwerenga ndi kulankhula.