Kupita kwa anthu Karachai - mbiri. Vuto la anthu Karachai

Chaka chilichonse, anthu a Karachay-Cherkessia mabwalo a chikondwerero tsiku wapadera ─ May 3, Tsiku la Chitsitsimutso Karachay anthu. Izi kunyumba tchuthi amayikidwa mu chikumbukiro tipeze ufulu ndi kubwerera kwa zikwi za anthu anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo ku North Caucasus amene akuvutika ndi ndondomeko kuyan'anila za Stalin, kenako anazindikira yoona. Maumboni a anthu amene analipo pa zochitika zomvetsa chisoni zaka osati umboni wa chilengedwe ake oipa mtima, komanso ngati chenjezo kwa anthu ena m'tsogolo.

The adani a Caucasus ndi kutsegula kwa magulu odana Soviet

M'katikati mwa July 1942 German Moto mayunitsi anakwanitsa ntchito yojambula wamphamvu, ndipo kutsogolo chachikulu, yokutidwa pafupifupi 500 makilomita, ndipo anathamangira Caucasus. Zonena anali moti kale pa August 21, mbendera ya Nazi Germany m'mwamba pamwamba pa Elbrus nakhalabe kumeneko kufikira mapeto a February 1943, mpaka ankhondowo sanali atulutsidwa ndi asilikali a Soviet. Pa nthawi yomweyo dziko la Germany litatenga dera lonse la Karachai Autonomous Region.

Kubwera kwa Germany ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo latsopano linapereka yotithandiza kanthu kuti gawo la anthu amene anali kudana nawo ulamuliro wa Soviet Union ndipo anali kuyembekezera mwayi kulanda iye. Masuku pamutu zinthu zabwino, anthu amenewa pamodzi mu gulu loukira ndi mwachangu kugwirizana ndi Germany. Mmodzi wa iwo anapanga otchedwa Karachai makomiti dziko, amene ntchito zinali kukhalabe ntchito ulamuliro pansi.

Chiwerengero cha anthu a m'derali, anthu awa anali oche-, makamaka chifukwa chakuti anthu onse amene wamwamuna anali kutsogolo, koma udindo kuperekedwa unapatsidwa kwa mtundu wonse. Zotsatira za chochitika anali kupita kwa Karachai anthu, omwe anakhala kosatha manyazi tsamba mu mbiriyakale ya dziko.

Anthu akuvutika chifukwa cha ochepa oukira

Kukakamizidwa chikudzacho Karachai ndi pakati pa milandu yambiri ya ulamuliro wankhanza unakhazikitsidwa wamagazi wolamulira wa dziko. Amadziwika kuti ngakhale pakati pa mabwenzi ake a pamtima momveka bwino umasinthasintha zachititsa ena sanasangalale nazo. Makamaka, AI Mikoyan, amene analipo pa nthawi imeneyo membala wa Politburo wa ku CPSU Committee Central, anakumbukira zimene zinaoneka chotheka Mlandu kusakhulupirika kwa anthu amene anali achikomyunizimu ambiri, oimira anzeru Soviet ndi anthu wamba kugwira ntchito. Komanso, pafupifupi onse anthu aamuna anali asonkhanitsidwa usilikali, ndipo pamodzi ndi onse kumenyana achifasizimu a. Kusakhulupirika ndi akumenya kagulu kochepa kokha la zigawenga. Komabe, Stalin anali ouma khosi ndi kuumirira ake.

Kupita kwa anthu Karachai zinachitikadi mu magawo angapo. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha langizo la pa 15 April 1943, wopangidwa Office USSR Loya, pamodzi ndi NKVD. Amene anaonekera yomweyo pambuyo anamasulidwa mu January 1943 asilikali a Soviet Karachai munali lamulo wasamuka anakakamizidwamo ndi Kirghiz SSR ndi Kazakhstan anthu 573 omwe anali mabanja a anthu amene anathandizana ndi Germany. Kutumiza nkhani zonse kwa achibale awo, kuphatikizapo makanda ndi lofooka okalamba.

Posakhalitsa chiwerengero cha othamangitsidwa m'dziko kusanduka 472, monga anthu 67 a nkhondo opandukawo anagonja kwa makonsolo. Komabe, monga zochitika zimasonyeza, zinali kokha propaganda kusuntha, limene analembapo kuipa kochuluka, chifukwa mu October chaka chomwecho inaika lamulo la Presidium za Supreme Soviet la USSR, pa maziko amene yokakamiza kusamuka (kuthamangitsidwa) anali pansi onse, popanda yekha, Karachai, kuchuluka kwa 62 843 anthu.

Chifukwa chokwanira, tiona kuti, malinga ndi kafukufuku zilipo, 53,7% ya iwo anali ana; 28,3% ─ akazi ndi% ─ amuna 18 okha, ambiri a iwo anali okalamba kapena olumala nkhondo, chifukwa ena pa nthawi imeneyi kumenyana kutsogolo, kuteteza kuti mphamvu yomweyo imene zawo zinagwa ndipo likupita mavuto zosaneneka mabanja awo.

Mwa lamulo womwewo wa October 12, 1943 anali chinafotokoza Kupha Karachai Autonomous Region, ndipo tonse a dera lake unagawidwa pakati pa mabungwe oyandikana boma ndi nkhani kusamukira "kutsimikiziridwa siyana antchito» ─ ndi ndendende zomwe zanenedwa mu izi, mwachisoni losaiwalika, chikalata.

Yambani njira chisoni

Yosamutsa wa anthu Karachai, ndi kunena mwinamwake ─ kutulutsa iwo kwa zaka kumene kuli dziko popanga mofulumira inapita ndipo zinachitikadi m'nthawi kuchokera 2 November 5 1943. Pofuna kuyendetsa mu m'mabogiwo komanso mabogiwo chitetezo amuna achikulire, akazi ndi ana, akhala allocated "mphamvu kuonetsetsa ntchito" zokhudza NKVD wa 53 Man mayunitsi ankhondo zikwi. (Ili deta nduna). Pa gunpoint, iwo anathamangitsidwa m'nyumba zawo kapena anthu osalakwa ndi akumuperekeza ku malo okwerera. Iwo saloledwa kuti azimwa zochepa chakudya ndi zovala. Katundu wina, anapeza pa zaka zambiri, othamangitsidwa m'dziko anakakamizika kusiya adzawonongedwa.

Onse okhala anathetsa Karachai Autonomous Region yatumizidwa kwa malo atsopano okhala mu zimatiyika 34, omwe akhoza kumakhalamo 2 zikwi. Anthu ndi inkakhala avareji magalimoto 40. Monga ananena ophunzira za zochitika aliyense galimoto inali pafupifupi 50 anthu, amene pa masiku 20 anakakamizika, kutsamwa yochepetsetsa auve zinthu, amaundana, ndi njala ndi kufa ndi matenda. About mavuto amene ported umboni ndi chakuti pa ulendowo, malinga ndi lipoti boma, anthu 654 anafa.

Atangofika, onse Karachai anali atakhazikika m'magulu ang'onoang'ono 480 midzi, ndikuyesetsa pa gawo lalikulu anatambasula mpaka m'tsinde mwa Pamir. Izi zikusonyeza momveka kuti chikudzacho Karachai mu USSR ankazunza cholinga cha kuloŵerera wathunthu pakati pa mitundu ndi mofulumira monga wodziimira fuko.

Zikhalidwe za othamangitsidwa m'dziko la

Mu March 1944, NKVD analengedwa ndi otchedwa midzi wapadera dipatimenti ─ motere munaitanidwa mwa zikalata cha boma cha malo okhala a anthu, atakhala atavutika ndi ulamuliro woipa mtima anamuinga kumchotsa kwa dziko lawo ndi mokakamiza watumiza zikwi makilomita kutali. Ulamuliro wa nyumba imeneyi zinali 489 wapadera commandant ku Kazakhstan ndi 96 ku Kyrgyzstan.

Malinga ndi lamulo, limene inakhazikitsa Commissar of Internal Affairs L. P. Beriya, othamangitsidwa m'dziko onse anayenera kukhala phunziro kwa malamulo apadera. Iwo m'gulu choletsedwa popanda chilolezo chapadera yolembedwa ndi commandant ndi kusiya midzi olamulidwa ndi commandant wa NKVD. Tikapanda kutero anali ukugwira kuthawa m'ndende ndi kulangidwa ndi yakalavula gaga kwa mawu a zaka 20.

Komanso, atsamunda anawalamula masiku atatu dziwitsani ogwira commandant imfa ya abale awo, kapena kubadwa kwa ana. Iwo kunatanthauzanso kuti afotokoze mphukira, osati anachita, komanso ulendo. Apo ayi, perpetrators ndi mlandu monga amathandiza upandu.

Ngakhale mbiri ya atsogoleri a midzi wapadera wa Kusinthaku bwino mabanja amene anathawira ku malo atsopano ndi kutenga nawo mbali komanso ntchito moyo wa dera zoona, mbali yaing'ono ya iwo anali zinthu zambiri kapena zochepa chocheperako moyo. Chochuluka kwa nthawi yaitali amakumana pogona ndi anakumbatirana mu shacks mopupuluma anagogoda pamodzi kuchokera ku zinyalala, ndipo ngakhale dugouts lapansi.

Zoopsa zinalili ndi mphamvu ya atsamunda watsopano. Mboni za zochitika anakumbukira kuti, wopanda aliyense kotunga okhazikika, iwo amakhala ndi njala. Nthawi zambiri zinachitika kuti kuika katswiri kwambiri kutopa anthu anali kudya mizu, mkate, lunguzi, morzly mbatata, nyemba ndi ngakhale khungu ankavala nsapato. Motero, malinga ndi kafukufuku boma anamasulidwa mu zaka perestroika, chiŵerengero pakati anasoŵa pokhala 23,6% mu nthawi koyamba.

Chachikulu mavuto kugwirizana ndi kupita kwa anthu Karachai, mwina ntchito ndi nawo wabwino ndi thandizo kuchokera anansi ─ Russian, Chikazaki, Chikigizi, komanso oimira mitundu ina, atasunga anthu awo chibadidwe ngakhale mayesero onse ankhondo. Makamaka yogwira anali ndondomeko rapprochement ndi Kazakhs ochokera kwina amene kukumbukira anali akadali atsopano a zoopsa Holodomor mmene zinalili mu 30s oyambirira.

Kupondereza ndi anthu ena a USSR

Karachai kuvutika osati za nkhanza Stalinist. No zochepa momvetsa chisoni tsogolo la anthu ena zamakolo wa North Caucasus, ndi iwo, ndi mafuko amene ankakhala mbali zina za dziko. Malinga ndi mawu ambiri a ofufuza anakakamizidwa kuthamangitsidwa wa oimira mitundu 10, Pakati, kupatula Karachai, analowa Crimea Chitata, Ingush, ndi Kalmyks, Finns, Ingrian Finns, Korea, Meskhetian Turkey, Balkars, Chechens ndi Volga Germany.

Kunena zoona, onse anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo anthu atabwerera ku madera amene anali mtunda wautali ku malo awo okhala mbiri ndi anakwera zachilendo, ndipo nthawi zina ndi chiopsezo cha vuto moyo. Mbali wamba imachitika kuwasamutsa kulola kuganiza gawo misa zawo kupondereza Stalinist nyengo, ndi chibadwa ndi contingency zawo zosakhala milandu patsogolo kwa misa lingamutsatire avundulidwe ndiwe wa makamaka fuko. Ife Onani kuti mbiri ya USSR mulinso kuthamangitsidwa angapo a magulu chikhalidwe ndi mitundu ndi zipembedzo monga Cossacks, kulaks, ndi zina zotero D..

Adzawononga anthu awo

Nkhani zokhudza kupita kwa anthu ena, ankatengedwa pa mlingo wa chipani okalamba ndi boma utsogoleri wa dziko. Ngakhale kuti iwo anali kuyamba ndi matupi a OGPU, NKVD, ndipo kenako lingaliro lawo linali kunja kwa wokhoza mwa bwalo. Akukhulupirira kuti panthawi ya nkhondo komanso mu nthawi wotsatira mbali yofunika kukhazikitsa relocations amakakamizidwa a magulu lonse mitundu ankaimba mutu wa Commissariat wa Affairs Internal L. P. Beriya. Kuti anapatsa Stalin memoranda, amene ali zipangizo zokhudzana ndi kupondereza wotsatira.

Malinga ndi malipoti, pa nthawi ya imfa Stalin mu 1953, panali pafupifupi 3 miliyoni othamangitsidwa m'dziko la mitundu yonse ali midzi wapadera. Unduna wa za M'dziko wa USSR 51 dipatimenti analengedwa kudziletsa pa atsamunda mothandizidwa commandant 2916, ntchito m'madera awo. Kuteteza pothawira zotheka ndi kufufuza kwa othawa kwawo 31 chinkhoswe Gulu ntchito-investigative.

Njira yaitali kunyumba

Kubwerera kwa Karachay anthu kwawo, monga kuthamangitsidwa wake zinachitika mu magawo angapo. Chizindikiro choyamba cha zinthu kubwera anali anamasulidwa chaka chimodzi pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin lamulo la Mtumiki wa za M'dziko wa USSR kutapa pa nkhani ya maofesi midzi wapadera commandant a ana obadwa mu mabanja a othamangitsidwa m'dziko kenako mu 1937. Yomwe kuti nthawi yofikira panyumba boma chiyani ntchito kwa anthu amene zaka alibe upambana zaka 16.

Komanso, pa maziko a dongosolo lomwelo anyamata ndi atsikana akulu akulu kuposa zaka mwachindunji analandira ufulu kuchoka kumudzi uliwonse dziko yopemphera kwa sukulu. Pankhani ya gulu, komanso nyenyezi ndi mlandu Mia.

Chotsatira panjira kubwerera kwawo ambiri anthu mozemba anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo zinapangidwa ndi boma la Soviet Union mu 1956. The kutsogolera kwa anali kulankhula N. S. Hruschova pa XX Congress wa CPSU, limene kudzudzulidwa mpatuko Stalin wa umunthu ndipo amathera akamadzalamulira ndondomeko yake ya misa kupondereza.

Malinga ndi lamulo la 16 July, pa malamulo apadera kuthetsa anachotsedwa mu atichotsa pa nkhondo, Ingush, Chechens ndi Karachai, komanso mamembala onse a mabanja awo. Oimira anthu ena anazunzidwa pansi lamuloli sanali yokutidwa ndi anakhoza kubwerera kutenga nthawi kuti nyumba zawo zakale. Kenako miyezo zonse kuonetsa anali linathetsedwa mu ulemu wa ku Germany mtundu wa dera Volga. Only mu 1964 boma lamulo ndi iwo unatha atamunamizira umboni mokwanira za mogwirizana ndi Anazi, ndipo anathetsa kukaniza onse ufulu.

Debunk ndi "olimba mtima"

Mu nthawi yomweyo analinso mmodzi zambiri, mmene kwambiri chikalata imeneyo. Ilo linali lamulo la boma pa kuthetsedwa kwa Watsimikiza March 8, 1944, yolembedwa ndi M. I. Kalininym, amene "zonse mgwirizano mkulu" ankayimiridwa kuti kupereka mphoto a boma apolisi 714 ndi asilikari ankhondo amene anali wolemekezeka okha mu ntchito ya "wapadera".

Mu mawu izi yosokoneza anasonyeza kulowerera kwawo kupita kwa akazi chitetezo ndi okalamba. Mndandanda wa "otchuka" mwini Beria. Poona kusintha kooneka mu njira ya chipani, chifukwa mavumbulutso, panali ku rostrum wa XX Party Congress, iwo Ankawaphwanyira mphoto kale analandira. The Mlengi wa zimenezi anali, mu mawu ake, Politburo membala A. I. Mikoyan.

Tsiku la Chitsitsimutso Karachay anthu

zikalata MVD declassified zaka perestroika, zikuonekeratu kuti ndi nthawi ino lamulo nambala othamangitsidwa m'dziko utachepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchotsa kuchokera m'kaundula pa zaka zam'mbuyo awiri, ana osaposa zaka 16, ophunzira, komanso magulu ena a anthu olumala. Choncho, July 1956, ufulu analandira anthu 30100.

Ngakhale kuti lamulo pa kuchotsedwa kwa Karachai linatulutsidwa mu July 1956, kubwerera yomaliza yoyamba nthawi yaitali osiyanasiyana zambiri za kuchedwa. Only pa May 3 chaka chotsatiracho, trainload oyamba kunyumba. deti limeneli ankaona kuti tsiku la Chitsitsimutso Karachay anthu. Pa miyezi yotsatira chifukwa midzi wapadera enawo anazunzidwa anabwerera. Malinga ndi Mia, chiwerengero chawo anakwana anthu 81405.

Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1957, boma anapereka lamulo kubwezeretsa dziko kudziyimira pawokha Karachai, koma osati ngati woima phunziro la Federation, monga izo zinali isanafike kuthamangitsidwa, ndi kugwirizana malire awo kwa Circassian kampani olowa katundu ndi kulenga motero Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. Mu yomweyo kapangidwe mwachirengedwe utsogoleri ali Komanso m'gulu Kluhorsky, Ayenela Dzhkgutinsky Zelenchuk zigawo, komanso mbali yaikulu Psebayskogo dera ndi dera wakunja kwatawuni Kislovodska.

Pa njira konzanso zonse

Ofufuzawa zindikirani kuti izi ndi onse lamulo wotsatira yothetsera boma wapadera m'ndende ya anthu anazunzidwa, ogwirizana ndi khalidwe limodzi ─ iwo sakudziwa nkomwe muli lingaliro kutali Kutsutsa malamulo a magulu misa. Mabuku onse inanena kuti yosamutsa la anthu wonse ankatchedwa "zinthu nkhondo nthawi," ndipo pa nthawi imeneyi, tiyenera kukhala anthu m'midzi wapadera mbisoweka.

Funso la konzanso wa anthu Karachai, ngati akuvutika ena onse misa kuwasamutsa, sanabwele mmwamba. Iwo onse anapitiriza kuonedwa mitundu ogwirira wakhululukidwa chifukwa cha anthu a boma la Soviet.

Motero, akadali anakumana ndi kulimbana kwa konzanso wathunthu wa anthu onse amene akuvutika ndi nkhanza Stalinist. Pa otchedwa Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda, pamene aliwerenge, zipangizo zambiri zitsulo, anakhazikitsa zolakwa wachita Stalin ndi anamuperekeza wake, anatha ndipo utsogoleri chipani anayamba asiye machimo akale. Funafunani chilungamo sikunali kotheka mu chilengedwe. The zinthu zinasintha yekha ndi chiyambi cha perestroika kusiyana wosakwiya amapondereza oimira anthu anazunzidwa patsogolo.

chilungamo

Pa pempho lawo mu 80s mochedwa pa bungwe la CPSU chapakati Committee, ndi kusodza kulengeza wakhazikitsidwa pa konzanso zonse za anthu onse a Soviet Union, pansi zaka kuthamangitsidwa Stalinism yaukapolo. Mu 1989, chikalata ichi chakhala kuwunikira ndi ovomerezedwa ndi Supreme Soviet la USSR. Mmenemo kupita kwa Karachai anthu, komanso oimira mitundu ina anali zikuchepa natsutsa ndi yodziwika monga mchitidwe oletsedwa ndi zigawenga.

Patapita zaka ziwiri adaona kuwala mlandu wa Bungwe la nduna USSR, boma amapha zochita m'mbuyomo pa omwe anazunzidwa anthu ambiri okhala mu dziko lathu, ndi kulengeza yosamutsa awo amakakamizidwa kupululutsa. Chikalata chomwecho analangiza kuganizira zoyesayesa aliyense kuti mukubwadamuka motsutsa konzanso ya anthu anazunzidwa zochita oletsedwa ndi kubweretsa perpetrators chilungamo.

Mu 1997, lamulo wapadera wa mutu wa Karachay-Cherkessia Republic unakhazikitsidwa May 3 ─ tchuthi Tsiku la Chitsitsimutso Karachay anthu. Ndi mtundu wa msonkho kwa onse amene zaka 14 anakakamizika kupirira mavuto onse a ukapolo, ndi anthu amene sanali ukawona tsiku yomenyera ndi kubwerera kunyumba kwawo. Miyambo umaonekera mwa zosiyanasiyana zochitika anthu, monga zisudzo ed, zoimbaimba, masewera Kukwera Akavalo ndi mafuko galimoto.