Kusaina wa START-1 Pangano pakati pa USSR ndi United States: tsiku. Strategic Zida malire Akamba

Strategic Zida malire Nkhani (mchere) - mndandanda wa mapangano amgwirizano pakati pa USSR ndi US pa nkhani ya chitetezo zida za nyukiliya. Win anali nkhani zambiri. Chifukwa cha mchere-1 ndi mchere 2 anali anasaina. The choyamba - mu 1972, wachiwiri - mu 1979.

Background ndi mfundo "adequacy" mu USSR

Ngati ife kulankhula za moyo ndi zifukwa panali kusaina loyamba la mchere 1 pangano, pakufunika kutchula za maganizo "adequacy" mu zida za nyukiliya. Mawu amenewa osokoneza pozindikira mu West, koma mfundo imeneyi sikumangotikhudza khalidwe la mbali ya Soviet Union. Pa XXVI Congress wa CPSU ovomerezedwa mfundo nyukiliya analengeza. Mfundo yaikulu ya icho chiri Soviet Union ndi United States ndi bwino cholinga kuti ndi kuteteza mtendere, ndi zida zingapo okwanira zokwana nyukiliya, omwe amafalitsidwa wogawana pakati pa Strategic chida Mphamvu, yapamadzi ndi Air Force. No ukulu mu mawu a manambala a ku America, sitifunika. Ndipotu, utsogoleri Soviet analengeza kuti palibe mtundu manja kulibenso. Ngakhale Nikita Khrushchev kamodzi anati Kennedy kuti dziko lathu zilibe kanthu kangati pa US akhoza kuliononga ilo - eyiti kapena naini. Ndi wokwanira mukudziwa kuti Soviet Union akhoza kuwononga United States kamodzi. Ndipotu, ndicho "maganizo adequacy," amene adatunga pa Congress Party mwalamulo.

malo US

United States kucitila mosiyana: anapita kwa sankafuna kusaina MCHERE-1 panganoli. chifukwa lili ndale m'banja: mbali ziwiri kupikisana chisankho mu United States. Mmodzi ayenera kukhala kusuliza ena. Mu zaka zao za sikisite ya atumwi wotsiriza, Democratic Party anali mu umodzi ndi mbali ya Soviet, ndipo anatero kuti latsopano akuti Republican Nixon anayamba kulamulira kwake ndi nkhani ya ulamuliro manja. Mtsogoleri watsopano, ichi chinali chithunzi lalikulu, popeza mu msonkhano chisankho, kudzudzulidwa zotheka nyukiliya parity wa USSR ndi USA. Iye nthawizonse ananena kuti kufunika kukwaniritsa okwana ukulu mu manja pa dziko lathu. Izi ndipo anagwiritsa ntchito otayika a Democrats, kuwayika "nkhumba" pansi pa mpando wa pulezidenti watsopano.

Nixon anali mu stalemate ndi: pa dzanja limodzi, iye anadzudzula lingaliro la parity pakati pa USSR ndi USA, anali wothandiza wa nyukiliya ukulu kachulukidwe. Komano, ndi kumanga-kwa mtundu manja unilaterally - analengeza boma la USSR pa malire chiwerengero cha zida zake nyukiliya - kuchichepetsa fanizo la US monga "kuchita zabwino," womwe akulimbana ndi "Ufumu zoipa." Iwo likukhalira kuti zipani kusintha maudindo awo maso a dziko capitalist Western. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Nixon anali asintha ndi kugwirizana kusaina mchere-1 panganoli.

US mfundo Nixon

Zimalengeza kuti United States ndi Soviet Union kukapangana watsopano, ndipo anapereka parity, kumene pulezidenti sakanakhoza ku Republican Party. N'chifukwa chake, ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala "njira kukwanitsidwa 'ndipo mu United States. Ie Oponya mavoti ndi chinachake pakati pa mfundo ndi maganizo okwana ukulu wa parity nyukiliya. Ndipotu, zimenezi si populist: US kwenikweni anali chakudya lalikulu zida za nyukiliya kuposa Soviet Union.

Zimasonyeza chidole wachiwiri silikhali Minister D. Packard: "Tili Nazo Zikungotanthauza kuti ndi yabwino ntchito mawu ziganizo. Komanso, sizitanthauza kanthu. " Ambiri mwina, Pulezidenti Nixon anaona "mfundo zokwanira" monga mtundu wa kunyalanyaza pakati pa pulogalamu wake chisankho ndi ndondomeko isanafike Democrats wake.

Malangizo kwa Development a US mphamvu pankhondoyo

Choncho, Nixon makonzedwe analengeza "kukwanira lingaliro." Mwalamulo, mfundo zotsatirazi akhala akufuna:

1. Kukhalabe okwanira zida zoopsa kubwezera, ngakhale pambuyo "kuukira mwadzidzidzi nyukiliya."
2. Kuthetsa chingatilimbikitse aliyense kuti "anadabwa kuukira".
3. Walekana ndi mdani ankaimbidwa mwayi kuthana kuwonongeka kwa United States kuposa iwo kungawononge ku United States paikidwa Kubwezerana.
4. US mapulogalamu chitetezo kwa adani nyukiliya.

Monga mwa nthawi zonse zimachitika zokambirana American, ntchito imeneyi kungakhale "woyenera" ngati kuti ndi "adequacy ndi maganizo," ndi chiphunzitso cha "okwana ukulu" monga mapulani bwino ndi zithunzi zenizeni osati anapereka m'menemo. Akatswiri ambiri ankhondo ananena kuti chipani chilichonse amawaona lingaliro ili ngati iye amasangalala, ndipo adzakhala. Komabe, kusiyiratu mwachindunji ndi wapamwamba okwana kale kupita patsogolo mfundo US, popanda zomwe ziri zosatheka mwamtheradi kukhala kusaina mchere-1 panganoli.

chida vuto chitetezo

Akamanena lonse mfundo US anawonetseredwa mu zokambirana za kachitidwe chida chitetezo. chakuti Soviet Union atapita patsogolo pa umisiri chida chitetezo. Taphunzira zaka 23 pamaso Achimereka kuwombera pansi mivi nyukiliya ndi mabomba sanali nyukiliya likuvutika mphamvu kayendedwe ku kuphulika wa TNT. Ndipotu, ife tinali ndi chitetezo chishango, omwe analola kuti aphulitsa m'gawo lathu zokwana nyukiliya. Achimereka akhoza kuponyera pansi mivi nyukiliya yekha mivi ena nyukiliya ndi mphamvu zochepa. Mulimonsemo, kupewa bomba la nyukiliya mu United States analephera. Choncho, Achimereka anaumirira kukana wa chilengedwe cha mzinga chitetezo mu zokambirana za mchere-1 ndi mchere 2.

US chokana kufotokoza chitukuko cha zida chitetezo ndi kunena kuti safuna m'lingaliro kuchepetsa mtundu Zida ngati musaletse kumbuyo mpikisano. Malinga America kupitiriza kukula kwa chida chitetezo pambali Soviet kuti destabilize ndi azilandira wosakhwima bwino pakati pa mayiko awiri. Pankhani imeneyi United States ankaoneka kuti aiwala za ukulu wawo kuchepetsa manja ndi chisanadze chisankho akulonjeza Nixon.

The mbali Soviet anali m'gulu ndi njira zimenezi, molondola kukangana kuti chitukuko chitetezo - ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi chitukuko cha kuukira - Adama. Komanso, America zoperekedwa kwa vuto la kuchepetsa zida mseru ndipo mpake kunena kuti United States anali ndi mwayi pa iwo.

The kutumizgika US chida chitetezo - kuopseza mapangano adziwitse

Mu 1967, utsogoleli US unilaterally deploys ake dongosolo chida chitetezo. Ananena ichi chakuti dongosolo ndi sinakhudze Soviet Union, ndipo umalimbana neutralizing kuopseza China. Last ndipo onse anali pa nthawi imeneyo yokha mwadzina zida za nyukiliya omwe sakanakhoza mwina kusokoneza US. N'zosadabwitsa, mbiriyakale imadzibwereza yokha ndi US chida chitetezo ku Eastern Europe, zomwe cholinga chake ndicho mwaumbanda ndi Iran, ngakhale zilibe zingasokoneze kapena US kapena mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Akatswiri asilikali inati ndiye, tsopano kuti cholinga cha America ndi dziko lathu.

Ndi 1972, boma ndi Utumiki wa silikhali sanathe kudzilungamitsa pamaso pa magulu odana militarist mu dziko Western. US nyukiliya kuzichepetsa kuchuluka, zida bwino ndipo palibe prerequisites ichi silinkachitidwa. dziko lathu ngakhale Achimereka anachita mfundo wochezeka, povomera pangano lililonse - atatsala pang'ono koma anasaina mgwirizano kuchepetsa zida chitetezo dongosolo chitukuko.

Ulendo Nixon ku Soviet Union ndi kusaina Mapangano

Mu May 1972, Nixon atapita mbiri kwa Moscow. pangano kuyambirira pa malire a manja njira yosainidwa May 29, 1972. Iwo ankatchedwa "Maziko mgwirizano pakati pa USSR ndi United States." mbali zonse anazindikira kuti coexistence mtendere mphamvu zazikulu ziwiri ndi angasonyeze maziko ubwenzi. Komanso, m'mayiko awiriwa ali ndi udindo kupewa mikangano m'deralo, ndi udindo odziletsa ndi kuthetsa kusiyana mwa bata.

Mu May, ngati pangano lina walemba - "Anti-Ballistic chida Pangano." zipani anali kusankha zinthu zina m'gawo lake, umene udzakhazikitsidwe maofesi chitetezo chida. USSR, Moscow wateteza ku nyukiliya. USA - zinthu zingapo onyamula zida za nyukiliya.

Kusaina pangano MCHERE-1: tsiku, chakudya chachikulu

MCHERE-1 - m'ndandanda wa mapangano pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union kuchokera 1969 mpaka mu 1972. Zonsezi zinayambira Helsinki. Ndipo ambiri amakhulupirira kuti tidzakhalabe mu polojekiti. Komabe anasaina Soviet-American pangano MCHERE-1 Nixon mu Moscow mu 1972. zida za USSR ndi United States mosamalitsa analembedwa kuyambira pamenepo. Kuwonjezeka kwa zokwana ndikoletsedwa. Anayambitsa moratorium pa chiyesedwe cha zida za nyukiliya ku Soviet Union, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti dziko lathu anali wokonzeka kusiya ntchito kukhala nyukiliya zida mphamvu.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, Soviet Union kufalitsidwa 200 mivi latsopano. The United States anali mu 1054 intercontinental mivi ballistic, 656 chida sitima zapamadzi. zida Soviet nyukiliya ndi United States kuyambira nthawi imeneyo sichinasinthe. Komabe, Achimereka ayamba mtundu watsopano wa chida - MIRV (madera angapo roketi). The peculiarity chakuti ndi lokha chida chimodzi, koma zingamvekere angapo ntchito njira.

MCHERE 2

MCHERE-1 ndi mchere 2 - ndi dongosolo logwirizana la mgwirizano. Chachiwiri chinali nkhani kupitiriza woyamba. Kusiyana kokha kuti mchere 2 - mgwirizano umodzi, yolembedwa June 18, 1979 mu Vienna pa msonkhano wa Leonid Brezhnev ndi J. Carter.

chikhazikitso

MCHERE-2 zimasokoneza chiwerengero cha magalimoto yobereka zoopsa mayunitsi 2,400. Onse komanso anavomera kuchepetsa m'buku lino. mayunitsi 1320 yekha akhoza okonzeka ndi warhead ndi kuperekedwa chinthu chiwonongeko. Chiwerengero chimenechi chikuphatikizaponso mitundu yonse ya zida za nyukiliya. Komanso, malamulo anakhudzidwa chiwerengero cha zokwana kuti akhoza kufalitsidwa pa onyamula njira: zombo, ndege, ndi sitima zankhondo.

MCHERE-2 ndikoletsedwa ndi kutumidwa wa nkhokwezi latsopano zida, zochepa wamakono. Aliyense wa zipani Mwachitsanzo, akanatha kuwonjezera zosaposa ina intercontinental ballistic zida zimene ankatha okonzeka ndi zokwana 10.

MCHERE-2 anali konse linalowa nawo m'Pangano mu United States monga Soviet Union anatuma asilikali Afghanistan. Komabe, mgwilizano mwamwayi kumvera ndi onsewo.

BUKULI-1 ndi kuyamba 2

Mbiri ya mapangano kutipanikiza pa MCHERE-2 likupitirirabe. July 31, 1991 Pangano pa Kuchepetsa ndi malire a Strategic zolawula Zida Soviet Union ndi United States (BUKULI-1) yosainidwa mu Moscow. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mapangano lotsiriza la USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev anasaina. Kutalika kwake kunali zaka 15. Cholinga cha mgwirizano - kuchepetsa wa zankhondo peresenti 30 mphamvu zonse zilipo zida za nyukiliya. Nokha chakhala mivi nyanja sitima ndi zosiyanasiyana woposa makilomita 600. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa: US ali ndi nambala yaikulu mivi yotereyi, ndipo m'dziko lathu analibe iwo konse.

Utatha wa USSR kunali koyenera kuti adzathe kukonzanso kusaina mgwirizano ndi Russia wakhala anatuluka chiopsezo kuti dziko lathu lino si kukwaniritsa mfundo za START-1. Mu January 1993, zinasaina latsopano mgwirizano - pa START-2 Boris Yeltsin ndi George Chitsamba Choyaka .. Mu 2002, dziko lathu wachotsa ku Pangano poyankha chakuti United States udachokamo mu ABM Pangano. Mu 2009, wotchedwa Dmitry Medvedev ndi Barack Obama ku Geneva negotiated pangano latsopano pa mikono njira mseru koma Republican US Congress ali oletsedwa iliyonse kanthu Democrat Barack Obama pa nkhani imeneyi. Mawu boma la Congress - "The US amaopa" chinyengo "pa gawo la Russia pa ntchito ya mgwirizano."

BUKULI-3

Mu 2010, Russian ndi US mapulezidenti zinasaina pangano latsopano. Kanyumba mwina adalira osapitirira 1550 mayunitsi poona kuti zida za nyukiliya. chiwerengero cha magalimoto yobereka njira sayenera upambana mayunitsi 800. Pangano limeneli linalowa nawo m'Pangano ndi mbali zonse.