Kusanthula yovuta: mitundu, njira ndi mfundo

Luso otsutsa yosanthula ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Zochita luso limeneli ndi ntchito yake amapulumutsa nthawi ndi kupewa zochita zidzolo kuti zitha kukulitsa nkhaniyo, kumatithandiza kudziŵa zimene zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake. Komabe, wotsutsa kusanthula - lingaliro capacious ndithu. Imathandiza osati kwa Ofufuza koma imagwiranso, mwinamwake, m'madera onse a moyo wa munthu. Ndi mbali zake ndi mfundo za ntchito ndi ife kutchereza.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Lingaliro la "kusanthula zoŵaŵitsa" inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri kuposa mchitidwe wake. Afilosofi wakale, Aristotle, Socrates ntchito mfundo zake m'mabuku ake, kafukufuku. General chakale tanthauzo stocktaking angatchedwe amanena za ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kamba ena, maganizo ndi malingaliro zochokera malumikizanidwe awo ndi zithunzi zawo ndi ziphunzitso zina kapena ziphunzitso, anasonyeza phindu ndi zokolola.
Pamene analyte kutanthauzira kumafuna mosakondera ndiponso mopanda tsankho njira. Choncho, apa ndi muyezo waukulu Kudziwa ndi ndemanga mabuku.

cholinga

Chifukwa kufunika kwa kusanthula zino? Phunziro lililonse (za sayansi ndi zothandiza) ndi ntchito zina. Pankhaniyi, kupenda otsutsa zikutanthauza kuti ayese ntchito izi luso la njira, ndipo ntchito umboni kutsimikiza kapena kukana kulondola kwa kungoganizira awo kapena munthu wina.

Mfundo patokha view, kusanthula yovuta amathandiza kukulitsa maganizo yovuta, amalimbikitsa mapangidwe anakambirana maganizo awo, bwino ntchito chidziwitso Imatithandiza maganizo. maziko ake nthawi zambiri anaika akadali mu nthawi sukulu ndipo akupangidwa ku yunivesite.

njira

Tili kusanthula njira kumafuna njira kukwaniritsa cholinga. Zimakhala deductive ndi inductive. Mbali yoyamba, kusanthula zinthu akufotokozera pa onse ku yeniyeni. Ndiko kuti, choyamba kafukufuku wa hypothesizes kapena axiom. Kenako, chiwerengero ovomerezeka mzere wa ganizo walangizidwa kufufuza, kapena Lingaliro Lovomerezeka. Izi kugwirizana payekha. Chitsanzo zosavuta ngati njira angakhale motere:

• Munthu amafa.
• Mozart - mwamuna.
• Kutsiliza: Imfa ya Mozart.

Mosiyana anakhazikitsa deduction inductive njira. Apa, kupenda yovuta kupangika M'malo mwake, kuchokera makamaka kwa ambiri. njira mapeto wamangidwa osati maganizo, koma m'malo mwa enieni maganizo, masamu kapena yoona zithunzi. Kusiyanitsa wathunthu ndi chosakwanira kupatsidwa ulemu.

Chimake choyamba walangizidwa pa kusanthula umboni ovomerezeka pa mlingo wa woti kuti kuutsiriza Mwina. chimake wina oyang'anira milandu payekha, zotsatira ndipo kumachepetsa iwo wamba osachiritsika (kungoganizira chifukwa) kupempha umboni. Ndi zotsatira - izi ndi zinthu zazikulu zimene underpin kusanthula yovuta. Chitsanzo cha njira inductive zingaoneke pa nkhani ofufuza nkhani K. Doyle wa "Sherlock Holmes." Ngakhale wolemba olakwa akuitana njira ofufuza deduction:

• Anthu, N ndi poyizoni.
• Man N Fumbles mu umboni.
• Anthu, N palibe alibi nthawi ya upandu.
• Choncho, munthu N ndi wakupha.

. Anayambitsa wanzeru Ch S. Pirs ankaona mtundu wachitatu mfundo ngati njira stocktaking - atigwira. M'mawu ena, ndi chidziwitso chisankho malingaliro ntchito kutsegula malamulo ongolankhula. Choyamba, mfundo zonse umboni, si anatsimikizira ndi zinachitikira. kunena njira udzadutsa dongosolo la mfundo (malingaliro), limafufuza mfundo zokhutiritsa:

• Atichitira: Anthu ndi akufa.
• Kutsiliza: imfa ya Mozart.
• Choncho, Mozart - anthu (kugwirizana akusowa).

Kapangidwe ndi Mitundu

Kapangidwe stocktaking ndi ndondomeko bwino zochita nthawi chifukwa cha kugwirizana zomveka:

• Choyamba, wofufuza ayenera kukhala bwino chithunzi cha chodabwitsa, ndi lingaliro zinthu. Kuyambira nkhaniyi m'pofunika kumasula mfundo zofunika.
• zinthu ingathetsedwe pa mfundo zingapo ofunika kudzatunga zinthu tezisno ngati zinthu ziwiri zosiyana.
• Wachina chilichonse, muyenera kupanga anu masomphenya, malingaliro, etc.
• Chotsatira ndi kutsimikiza tanthauzo lakelake mwachidule pamwamba mfundozo.

Mfundo yofunika! Pofuna kutsimikizira kungoganizira awo n'zotheka ndi zofunika kugwiritsa ntchito magwero kunja: zitsanzo, analogies, zida cilamulo, ogwidwa, zikalata. Zonsezi akutsimikiza okha Kudziwa ndi comprehensiveness la phunzirolo.

A mbali yofunika kwambiri pomanga mfundo okha kusewera zipangizo, zinthu kapena chodabwitsa, amene amalenga ndi kusanthula yovuta. Mafomu angakhudzidwe sayansi, chikhalidwe, ndale, ndiponso zothandiza dera ndi dera la chisunzo.

Analysis nkhani

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma lomaliza, ndi zilankhulo Pulofesa Norman Feyrklaf anayambitsa yovuta nkhani kusanthula. Iye azikaphunzira kusintha mfundo za chiyembekezo aluntha a malemba a nthawi ndi yofanana ndi kutanthauzira. Poyerekezera sociolinguistics, Feyrklaf limagwirira chachikulu kusinthika kotereku otchedwa intertextuality. A njira kumene malemba akugwirizana ndi zinthu zina (nkhani).

Tili kusanthula nkhani makamaka anapanga mchikakamizo cha zilankhulo Bakhtin, akatswiri Michel Foucault ndi Bourdieu. dzina lina ndi textually zochokera nkhani kusanthula (kapena TOD). njira zake chimakwirira katundu zinenero malemba, Mitundu mawu (pempho, kukambirana, apamwamba) ndi njira sociolinguistic (kusonkhanitsa chuma processing, mafunso, kuyezetsa, etc.).

Chinthu chapadera kwa mtundu umenewu wa kusanthula zino ndi kuti si kunamizira cholinga, mwachitsanzo si chikhalidwe ndale. mfundo Mwachitsanzo, wosuliza nkhani kusanthula Cholinga kuwulula maganizo mphamvu dongosolo, kulamulira ndale, ulamuliro ndi kufufuza malamulo tsankho, m'kukoma chinenero. Kotero pano izo adziwonetsa chida mawunikidwe kuzithandiza kuchita ndale komanso.

Dutch zilankhulo T. Van Deyk ntchito zambiri wodzipereka kwa kusanthula yovuta nkhani pa TV. Malinga ndi wasayansi, ndi chiyambi cha izo anauika apamwamba wakale. Today magwero ake siyana zisanu zofunika:

• Semiotics, ethnology, structuralism.
• kulankhulana wapakamwa ndi kusanthula.
• Kulankhula amachita ndi pragmatics.
• Sociolinguistics.
• Chithandizo cha zigawo maganizo lembalo.

Pa "mizati" zisanu ndi zochokera yovuta nkhani kusanthula (kulongosola nkhani, maphunziro chikhalidwe , etc.).

zolembalemba

Textually olaula ndi angatchedwe buku-yovuta kusanthula. Kusiyana ndi nkhani uli kokha mu dongosolo la zinthu kwambiri. Origin (tafotokozazi) kupanga amatsimikiza mbali ofunda Malemba, ndipo chachiwiri - pa zili.

Zolembalemba kusanthula yovuta chikuchitika pa aligorivimu zachikhalidwe. mfundo kumasulira ali momwemo: nkhani, malo ndi nthawi ya ntchito, chikhalidwe, mutu, lingaliro ndi mfundo patokha view. magulu atatu a phunziro tingaone udindo uwu:

• Mutu repertoire (zili mbali).
• Chidziwitso (mtundu wa fanizo, Nkhani, mtundu wanyimbo).
• Zinenero (zipangizo chinenero, amene kumanga mbali ya chidziwitso).

Pamene kusanthula yovuta ayenera kutsatira utsogoleri wolowezana. Kuchuluka loyamba ndi wachitatu mitundu zolaula (ophatikizidwa zinthu). Koma mlingo chidziwitso, amaonekera ndi m'mbuyomo awiri. Komabe, aliyense wa tiers mwina kuphunzira osiyana. Komabe, pamene ife tiyang'ana therebetween amphamvu malumikizanidwe akonzedwa, aliyense mlingo wa zinthu alipo mu pafupi.

Kufunika kwa mtundu uwu wa kusanthula yovuta, kuwonjezera mapangidwe munthu ndi chitukuko cha luso lotha kuganiza mozama ndi kufunika chikhalidwe kusiyanitsa pakati pa ntchito azisangalala wapatali mu mtsinje wa mediocre.

Mfundo yofunika! kusanthula zolembalemba-ovuta - lino si nkhani ya mutu zolembalemba, ndi kusanthula zigawo zake yokulirapo ndi malumikizanidwe zotheka ndi chowonadi.

Izi si chizindikiro cha "ankakonda" kapena "sindimakonda izo." Pakuti mitundu yonse ya kusanthula yovuta njira ayenera kukumana siteji kuphunzira kuvomerezedwa, umboni wa mfundo iliyonse ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kuphunzira nkhaniyo.

mudziwe

Mtundu uwu wa kusanthula yovuta ntchito kuwunika uthenga, zopangidwa ndi misonkhano (malonda). Iwo akhoza umalimbana kudziŵa khalidwe ndi mphamvu ya ndalama ndi kulipirira mudzagwiritse zokhudza kusintha mungachite malonda.

N'chifukwa chiyani timafunikira ziyenera zimenezi? A kusanthula kukayikira mfundo pa nkhani ya malonda ndi kukhutitsa msika ndi katundu high quality, thambo kuzama kwa osiyanasiyana. Ponena za nkhani (anthu, ndale, etc.), kumathandiza kuchepetsa ubwino wa mfundo za mfundo, nthawi ndi malo ndi kumasulira mu mfundo zake ndi maganizo zochitika. Ziyenera kukhala magwero odalirika kuti adzakhala mfundo kungoganizira. Cholinga cha mtundu wa kusanthula akhoza kukhala ndi zochitika zilizonse. Mu nkhani iyi, amanena aumbike mwa maganizo, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe makhalidwe a zigawo.

kusanthula phunziro

Tili kusanthula kafukufuku ndi chibadidwe mu munda wa sayansi zochita za anthu. Mapangidwe malingaliro munthu Anakambirana pa nkhani makamaka kumafuna chiphunzitso cholondola cha mavuto ndi njira zawo. Izi ndi zimene chinkhoswe mu mtundu uwu wa kuwunika. Research zikusonyeza osiyanasiyana ntchito ndiponso m'njira zambiri zimafanana ndi nkhani yovuta.

Choncho, pa siteji kukonzekera, mndandanda wa zinthu, kuphunzira magwero odalirika, lingaliro mapangidwe (kumanga), chitukuko ndi maganizo ndi kusefa zinthu zofunika zambiri. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti cholinga cha ntchitoyi mwa kusanthula zino ndi kupeza zinthu zatsopano osati generalization choonadi wogwila.

Tili kusanthula maphunziro ali kapangidwe zotsatirazi (kapena dongosolo):

• zikhudze;
• mavuto ndi zofunika;
• mfundo ndi zambiri;
• kutanthauzira ndi mfundo;
• Zikhulupiriro, mfundo, malingaliro;
• kungoganizira;
• kufufuza;
• maganizo yekha, mawonedwe.

Nkhani ya sayansi kusanthula malamulo angakhale osiyana. Pali zambiri pansi kufufuza gwero lokha, yonena za mkangano wa mwini, akudzizindikiritsa umboni, kusemphana ndi kuyan'anila za maganizo.

mfundo

Mfundo za kusanthula yovuta mwachuluka amadalira mtundu wake. Kumayambiriro kwa mbiri ya mtundu uwu wa zinthu kuphunzira ndi zipangizo ntchito mfundo mwachilengedwe (kapena "mkati chiwalitsiro"). Izi ndi njira umboni, chomwe mu anapeza ongolankhula, malamulo atsopano wazotsatira, kulungamitsidwa zodabwitsa latsopano, mavuto ndiponso mfundo zenizeni. Komabe zimenezo mfundo kusanthula ndi inconclusive chifukwa kuti zimenezi, zosatsimikiza maganizo.

Mu ovuta kusanthula nkhani kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mfundo chikhalidwe olaula. Cholinga chake, monga ulamuliro, kukhala zochitika ndi kusinthika zikuchitika mmadera. Zikuphatikizapo m'dziko, kusankhana mitundu, ya nkhondo dziko, zachiwawa. Chinthu phunziro ili, zoona, thematic malemba ndi chikoka chawo pa maganizo chikhalidwe. Komanso, njira imeneyi kuphunzira kumathandiza kupeza ndipo amasonyeza chithunzi thunzi cheni kulibweretsa anthu, kupewa wowerenga chisokonezo nkhani sanali demokalase.

Kwa mtundu womwewo wa kusanthula likukhudza mfundo yovuta chidziwitso olaula. Iye ankagwiritsa yokutidwa TA Van Dyck ndi zachokera makhalidwe maganizo kumanga ndi kupereka chuma (malemba, nkhani). Mfundo imeneyi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kusanthula uthenga (TV). Komanso chidwi ndi katswiri wa liziyang'ana pa nkhani (zonse, inakula) ziyenera a zochitika, lowani machitidwe kulankhulana (mau fanizo otchulidwa gulu).

Mfundo historicist nthawi zambiri ntchito mu kafukufuku wasayansi ndi zolembalemba. Bukuli lili ndi kuphunzira chodabwitsa makamaka kapena chinthu malo ndi nthawi. Komabe, umboni ndithu mapangidwe. Zochita izi ndi pang'ono zakuya ndi pa dziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha mtundu wanyimbo kapena phwando (zolembalemba akuti) - ndi cholinga cha phunziroli. Ndiye zipangizo ndi kusonkhanitsidwa zokhudza phunziro lathu (chidziwitso zigawo zikuluzikulu). Mu ndime yachitatu angayambe kupenda ndi imathandiza zambiri. Mfundo yeniyeni apa ndi dongosolo la zamoyo wa chodabwitsa mu nthawi inayake imeneyi. Pokhapokha ngati amenewa ziyenera kuyamba kuganiza, malingaliro ndi maulosi.

Mfundo mfundo makiyi ali limodzi oyambirira mu kusanthula yovuta. Nthawi zambiri kumachitika mu luso kutsutsa (ntchito za Aristotle, Lessing, VG Belinsky). Conventionally, n'zotheka kudziwa lonse miyezo ndi m'mafanizo. Kukonza dongosolo mfundo kumathandiza kwenikweni kukuza lemba pa zigawo structural, tifufuza mogwirizana wawo ndiponso ubwenzi, komanso kuzindikira kufunika kwa chigawo wina ndi mzake. Tinganene, mfundo imeneyi ndi zofunika kwambiri koma sekondale, monga kuphunzira aliyense zochokera zida za cilamulo kaya cholinga cha ntchito zake.

Pa kusanthula iliyonse yapadera zingakhale mfundo zosiyana kuthetsa vutolo. Nthawi zina kaphatikizidwe awiri kapena kuposa. Pankhaniyi, limodzi ndi lalikulu ndi zina - ndi wocheperapo. Choncho, istorpizma mfundo kawirikawiri pamodzi ndi mfundo mfundo kiyi ndi imayendetsedwa ndi mwachilengedwe chidziwitso olaula, etc.

lingaliro

Lingaliro la kusanthula yovuta - kuphunzira ndi kufufuza mfundo yaikulu ya woyambitsa dongosolo chuma maganizo pa nkhaniyo. Norman Feyrklaf m'buku "Language ndi mphamvu" amatanthauza kupanga personalization lingaliro. Chitsanzo cha zingakhale malemba zandale zambiri olemba sakukamba za anthu kupyolera puronauni wa munthu wachiwiri. Ntchito yaikulu imene imakhudza ndi kusanthula kuweruza zosiyana, ndi kudziwa zotsatira za njira zimenezi, mogwira awo posintha maganizo chikhalidwe.

Kaya mtundu wa malingaliro pa zinthu wolemba amapereka kuoneka ngati njira kulankhulana ndi owerenga, wowerenga kapena wogula.