Kuunikira (polojekiti ndi dongosolo kanthu) kwa boma zachilengedwe za chilengedwe

Anthu kwa zaka zambiri moyo padziko lapansi, nthawi zonse anada nkhawa ndi mavuto kupulumuka kapena chilengedwe cha zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa moyo. Ndipo nkomwe pa chiyambi cha umunthu panali mafunso a chipulumutso cha dziko lapansi. Mwatsoka, nthawi imeneyo yafika. kusintha Kulanga zikuchitika mu dziko, kusokoneza moyo wa dziko palokha, ndipo, kotero, kuti anthu onse okhala, linaonekera. Ndipo ngozi chifukwa - munthuyo. Ngati kale anthu kuonera chilengedwe, ndiye, osalephera, mwa chidwi. Kuzipenya wa munthu wamakono pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chosiyana - iwo akutsatiridwa ndi chikumbumtima ndipo purposefully. Pang'onopang'ono analenga dongosolo Integrated zochita. The zinthu zachilengedwe za chilengedwe anthu anayamba kuona kuti adzamupulumutsa. Ngakhale mu BC Ine atumwi. e. Guy Pliny ntchito yake "Natural History", analemba za kuzipenya wa chilengedwe.

Mapangidwe sayansi zachilengedwe

The njira ya polojekiti munthu ntchito njira kuphunzira chinthu chachilengedwe. Ataona inachokera pa zotsatira yaitali amaonera ozungulira zinthu zachilengedwe. Pang'onopang'ono ndinayamba anapanga dongosolo zina zochita kuwayang'anira boma zachilengedwe za padziko lapansi. Zotsatira kuonerera anali systematized, kupanga sayansi - zachilengedwe. ntchito yake yaikulu inali kuphunzira maubwenzi zamoyo wina ndi mzake ndipo ankachita chilengedwe lozungulira iwo. Mamuna atoma kuzindikira udindo wa malo moyo wake, ndinayamba kuona ndi kuphunzira kusintha kunachitika ndi, makamaka, anatsindika chisokonezo padziko lonse biosphere, yemwe chifukwa cha ntchito yake. Panali kuopseza masoka zachilengedwe padziko lonse. N'chifukwa chake kanthu chofunika ndi dongosolo lonse unapangidwa bungwe. The zinthu zachilengedwe za zowunika zachilengedwe anali ikuchitika pa mlingo boma. nkhani Environmental anayamba ayankhidwa mu maonekedwe lonse. The sayansi ya zachilengedwe wakhala maziko ndi maziko kutulutsidwa kwa akutulukira mavuto padziko lonse. Mawu akuti "zachilengedwe" omwe anamasuliridwa kuchokera Greek "oikos" kutanthauza kunyumba kapena malo ogona, anayamba ndi German zamoyo zinachita kusintha Ernst Haeckel ngakhale mu 1866. The kwambiri anayamba chilengedwe sayansi, m'pamenenso zinalipo kale ntchito zomwe sizinali nthawi zonse bwino.

Pakuti mwamuna ano kunapezeka mphamvu pamaso pa mphamvu za chilengedwe, ndi ntchito yaikulu ndi yofunika kwambiri kumatanthauza chitetezo chikhalidwe.

Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe wakhala ukugwira ndi chotsutsana anthu. Pankhani imeneyi wakhala anayamba malamulo zogwirizana malamulo ndi mchikhalidwe malinga ndi dongosolo izi chilango. Daily ntchito ndi nkhawa za kulikonse ndi munthu aliyense makamaka, ndi kuteteza zinthu zachilengedwe, mu mawonekedwe a dongosolo chilengedwe cha polojekiti ndi kulamulira ndi akutuluka izo dongosolo kwathunthu zochita. The zinthu zachilengedwe za chilengedwe wotiyang'anira pakati pa boma, ndi khama la mabungwe lonse.

zowunika

Ozungulira chilengedwe, malo a malo athu ndipo ungasinthe mosalekeza mu chikhalidwe ndi mu malangizo ndi udzakwaniritsidwa. Chilengedwe ndi si yunifolomu nthawi ndi malo. Pali wotchedwa msinkhu ndi nthawi zonse ntchito zimene kuyerekeza kuwerenga zatsopano. pafupifupi wenewu kusintha zayamba mwa nthawi yaitali imeneyi. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula zachilengedwe, kusintha chibadwidwe chilengedwe. A khalidwe osiyana kwambiri ndi opangidwa kusintha. Chizindikiro cha boma pafupifupi chilengedwe mu nkhani iyi ndi sizimadziwika, izo mofulumira ndi kudzimenya kusintha. Makamaka n'zoonekeratu kuti mu zaka khumi zapitazi. Panafunika kuphunzira ndipo amayang'anitsitsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachitika chifukwa mmene anthropogenic. Anakhazikitsa dongosolo la polojekiti chilengedwe kapena wa amayesetsa kupeza ndi mme- kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi kuwunika awo. Waukulu polojekiti ntchito:

• kuwunika malo okhala ndi akasupe a chikoka pa izo;
• chiwerengero cha dziko la chilengedwe;
• chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe zinthu.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya polojekiti chilengedwe:

• Best biosphere - zachilengedwe (kuphatikizapo geophysical ndi kwachilengedwenso ..);
• yolimbikitsira zinthu (chigawo) kuphunzira zoipitsa, komanso chikoka cha phokoso, kutentha, ndi cheza mu atomu;
• Munthu wamoyo danga kapena chilengedwe (chilengedwe, malo, zoweta, m'matauni ndi mafakitale);
• wosakhalitsa, okhudza malo;
• pa magulu kwachilengedwenso.

kusiyana A amadziwikanso kuunikira pa maziko Kupititsa: a boma lonse, dera, m'dera, "mfundo", maziko (maziko a kusanthula mitundu yonse ya polojekiti). Padziko lonse wosasamala polojekiti lonse ndi padziko lonse zochita. The zinthu zachilengedwe za chilengedwe wotiyang'anira lonse lapansili. Mfundo za dongosolo lonse kwa nthawi yoyamba kuzindikiridwa ndi kukonza mu 1971 ndi bungwe la International Council zilumikizano Scientific. State wa biosphere wakhala chidwi asayansi onse m'mayiko olemera ndi anthu onse chanzeru mu dziko. Chifukwa, mu 1973-1974. monga mbali ya mavuto chilengedwe United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP Program) Kukula kwa chakudya yaikulu ya Global Environment polojekiti inatha sing'anga (ngale).