Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, anthu Commissar: yonena, mphoto, zithunzi

Litvinov anali Commissar cha anthu kwa Affairs okhonda wa USSR mu zaka 1930-1939. Nthawi imeneyi, Soviet Union wapanga kuzindikira chomaliza cha anthu padziko lonse.

zaka zoyambirira

Anthu ambiri mtsogolo Commissar Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich anabadwa pa July 17, 1876 banja Ayuda. Education mnyamata anakwera weniweni wa sukulu ya Bialystok. Pambuyo zaka zisanu usilikali. Native kuti Litvinov anakhala 17 Caucasus oyenda Regiment chilili Baku.

Mu chaka cha 1898 iye anatsatira ndi demobilization. Ndiye Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich anagwirizana RSDLP. Atafika ku Kiev, iye anadzakhala membala wa komiti m'dera phwando. Mbali yofunika ya ntchito pokhazikitsa Litvinov kunali koletsedwa yosindikiza nyumba, amene amasindikizidwa zipangizo kampeni. Timapepala ta komanso timabuku anafuna antchito wamba ndi anthu wamba.

Kumangidwa ndi kuthawa Russia

Mu 1901, a tsarist Apolisi inamva Kiev Socialists ntchito makina zinthu oletsedwa. Otsatidwa ndi kumangidwa. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich anali mu ndende. Koma yotsatira, mu 1902, iye limodzi ndi anzawo wina 10 anathawa kundende. Kamodzi free, chosintha, anasamuka kutali Switzerland, umene anakhala kunyumba kwa atsogoleri ambiri a chipani. Pali Litvinov zikugwira ntchito wamba. Iye anakhala mmodzi wa ogulitsa kiyi wa nyuzipepala "Iskra" mu Russia.

Mu 1903 panali wotchuka II Party Congress, limene chipani anagaŵanika magulu awiri - ndi Bolshevik ndi Menshevik. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich anagwirizana Lenin ndi gulu lake. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anakhalabe maubwenzi ndi Ndikugwira ndi ena Mensheviks, kuphatikizapo Vera Zasulich, Leon Trotsky, Yuliem Martovym, ndi zina zotero. D.

Kukwera loyamba

Posachedwapa yaitali Russian zisinthe. Mu 1905, a Bolsheviks likuvutika ndalama zakunja anakonza mwa kundipatsako kwa zida mabungwe proletarian zotsutsana ndi boma la Russia. ntchito Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuphatikizapo Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Mwachidule yonena chipani functionary pa nthawi anali chitsanzo cha munthu chinkhoswe mu kwambiri a ntchito zosiyanasiyana utsogoleri.

zinachitikira wolemera walola Litvinov kutsogoloku kukhala ochepa kwambiri mwayi kuti analamulira boma Soviet ufulu wa "mphamvu losonkhanitsidwa". Kutumiza manja kwa Russia kunali ntchito pachiswe. zombo ziwiri, imene zida anaika Litvinov, kenako inavutika ndi kuonongeka ndi asanafike doko.

Mu UK,

Monga lolinganiza chipani Litvinov ntchito ndi Camo. The Bolsheviks pankhondo yoyamba Russian utasintha komanso anachititsa mwa kundipatsako kwa manja. Pamene kugalukira otchuka ali alinkuthedwa, Kamo anachita chinkhoswe mu kabwerebwere Mthandizi malonda oletsedwa. Iye kudzadza masewera ndalama chifukwa wakubayu mabungwe boma. Choncho Tiflis expropriation unapangidwa bungwe mu 1907. Iwo nawo Koba - Stalin m'tsogolo.

Litvinov, komanso comrades ena chipani anasangalala ndalama anagonjetsa mu mabanki Russian. Mu 1908, iye anamangidwa ku France. Chifukwa m'ndende panali kuba kwa ndalama ya anayesera kusintha Bolshevik. France ali anatulutsa Litvinov mu UK. Zaka khumi, mpaka ulimi lotsatira, Litvinov ankakhala ku London.

Chiyambi cha ntchito zamtendere

Pambuyo Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira, anthu padziko lonse ali osokoneza anachita ku boma latsopano la Russia. Britain anakana kuzindikira Soviet boma. Komabe, sanaleke mayiko kudzera mwa nthumwi mwamwayi kukhudzana. Mu London zatulutsidwa anakhala Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Commissioner, mkulu wakale wa Soviet Utumiki okhonda mu 30s, iye anayamba ntchito yake zamtendere panthawi.

Litvinov anali tawerenga kusankha. Iye anakhala zaka zambiri ku London, anadziwa Chingerezi ndi zenizeni m'deralo. Boma la Britain sanali funsani iye mwachindunji kupyolera mabungwe a boma, koma kuika kwa newcomer wa boma Russian wapadera. Kuyambira mu Europe nkhondoyo zinali kuchitika pakati pa mayiko a Entente ndi Germany, akuluakulu anafunika kuonetsetsa kuti mukudziwa zimene zikuchitika Petrograd ndi Moscow.

Mlanduwu Lockhart

Kulumikizana ndi Nduna Arthur Balfour kudzera kuyang'anira anthu, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov anamuuza za Lenin ndi zochita Party. The nthumwi anali mu Limbo chifukwa chakuti latsopano boma Soviet analonjeza othamanga anthu dziko, chomwe chinkatanthauza kusainira pangano osiyana ndi Germany. Koma poyamba maganizo a Bolsheviks ku London anali wochezeka ndithu.

Mu January 1918, Britain anatumizidwa ku Russia kwa woimira watsopano. Iwo anakhala Robert Lockhart. Litvinov, adakomana naye ku London, nampatsa cholemba m'munsili dzina la Trotsky, amene ananena zabwino za mtumiki uyu. A Patapita miyezi yochepa, Briton anamangidwa ndipo anathamangitsidwa m'dziko la akazitape. Motero, pamodzi ndi chiwembucho Lenin, anali chonamizira kuti kuyamba kwa Red mantha. Boma la Britain, poyankha amangidwe kazembe ake anamangidwa Litvinov. Anakhala masiku 10 m'ndende, kenako anali bwinobwino umasinthanitsidwa Lockhart.

Commissariat cha anthu kwa Affairs okhonda

Back mu Russia, Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov anayamba kugwira ntchito mwachindunji mu Commissariat wa Affairs okhonda. bwana wake kalekale mutu wa Dipatimenti imeneyi, Georgy Chicherin. Kazembe wakhala nawo zokambirana zambirimbiri maiko Entente. Iye anayesera kugwirizananso ndi maiko awa pambuyo boma Soviet anasaina osiyana Brest mtendere ndi Germany ndi Kaiser a. achire mwamsanga nkhondo ngakhale anagwirizana udindo kwa nthawi yaitali imawonongeka mbiri ya Bolsheviks pamaso pa mayiko Western capitalist.

Mu 1920, Lenin anaika watsopano nthumwi Soviet plenipotentiary mu Estonia. Iwo anakhala Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. The yonena za munthu uyu anali odzaza ndi mitundu yonse ya maulendo. Baltic limati pambuyo Civil Nkhondo Russia, ufulu wodzilamulira. Tsopano tiyenera kumanga Litvinov anali mmodzi wa iwo ubale watsopano mwamtheradi, mosatengera kwa ufumu zapitazi.

Wachiwiri Chicherina

Mu masiku oyambirira a mayiko Soviet manambala ake anali ochepa akatemera monga Maksim Maksimovich Litvinov. Chosintha, nthumwi, munthu wodziŵa lonse - linali 'lakale "Bolshevik ndipo anasangalala chidaliro ndithu utsogoleri dziko. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mu 1921 anaikidwa Commissar wachiwiri Anthu Yoona za okhonda.

Litvinov anagona yovuta Chicherin zake zapamwamba. Onse anali a Politburo ndi pamwamba misonkhano utsogoleri Soviet zambiri kudzudzulidwa zochita wina ndi mzake. Lililonse functionary analemba amiseche milandu zolemba pa mdani wake.

Kuzindikila zoti Soviet Union

Mu 1922, mayiko a azungu, pamodzi ndi RSFSR unachitikira ku Conference Genoa, amene anayamba kale ntchito kuzindikira ndi kusakanikirana boma la Soviet ndale padziko lonse. Mmodzi mwa mamembala a gululo ku Moscow anali Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Mwachidule yonena za munthu uyu ndi chitsanzo cha chitsanzo Soviet nthumwi nthawi 20-30th.

Pambuyo pa msonkhano ku Genoa Wachiwiri commissar anapanga wapampando wa Conference Moscow pa Kusiya pambuyo isanayambike dziko, omwe anali nawo akuluakulu a m'mayiko ena - Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia ndi Latvia. Podnatorevshy Litvinov pa nkhani imeneyi, kuwonjezera, anayamba kugwira ntchito mu League of Nations. Pamene Soviet Union potsiriza anazindikira mwa anthu padziko lonse, Litvinov, mbali Union anayamba kutsogolera Commission mayiko osiyanasiyana Kusiya mu thupi ili yofunika - kuloŵedwa m'malo ndi UN.

Stalin Commissar

Mu 1930 Chicherin anachotsedwa ku positi kwa Nduna ya za okhonda wa USSR. positi anali kulamulidwa ndi wachiwiri wake Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Anthu a Commissar Stalin nyengo anayesetsa kutsata lamulo detente ndi West. Iwo anasandutsa ndendende bola Stalin anaganiza kuti n'kuyamba kuyandikira kwa Hitler.

Stalin mu 30s oyambirira n'zofunikadi nthumwi wokongola, Litvinov limakhulupirira. Photo Commissar zonse afika mu nyuzipepala Western pa maulendo kawirikawiri kunja. Iye nthawi zonse kupita ku United States, kufuna kutchuka Washington a zoti Soviet Union. Pomaliza mu 1933, chifukwa cha khama la commissar anthu, inakhazikitsidwa nduna asapita Soviet-American.

Wolemba mtolankhani

Kodi akuchita monga mutu wa zokambirana Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? Books kuti Commissar Anthu a mu kwambiri kulemba 30s, Amanena kuti anali odziwa theorist. Iye anali mlembi wa timabuku ambiri ndi nkhani.

Litvinov analemba osati yekha, komanso ovomerezeka buku la ena kumveka. Mu 1931, pamene Japanese anaukira China, Commissar la Anthu "unachitikira" mu "News" odana militarist ndakatulo Demian osauka. Zimenezi sanali Stalin, amene analibe amadziwa ntchito zinthu ziliri ku Far East. Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, ndi Politburo natsutsa chisankho, amene mwadala anatenga Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Ntchito anasaina dzina lake pambuyo zinachitikazi, lasindikizidwa pokhapokha nkhani ya maganizo a mtsogoleri.

n'kosakhudzana ndi kuwonongedwa

Iwo likuyandikira nkhondo, ndipo pakali pano, Stalin ankachitika misa kuyeretsa Kumwambamwamba boma utsogoleri. Pafupifupi anatumiza onse amitundu mwanjira anamangidwa ndi kunyongedwa. Litvinov anali mwayi - anapulumuka, kokha anataya malo ake. Mu 1939 iye anali kutsutsana ndi Vyacheslav Molotov - mutsogoleli wa boma, ndipo dzanja lamanja Stalin. Pamene yotsirizira anabalalitsa Litvinov, malo ake anali Molotov, amene posachedwapa anasaina sanali mokwiya pangano ndi Nazi Germany.

Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, kazembe ku United States ndi Cuba anali Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich. Commissariat Anthu ndi akazembe ake alumikizirana ndi US pamene iye limodzi ndi nkhondo Germany. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti anayamba nkhondo ndi Hitler, Litvinov kupulumutsidwa ku kumangidwa ndi kuphedwa. The NKVD ndi kuchita zofuna zake, koma simunabweretse mathero.

Litvinov ndi mantha

Pali chirichonse chochita ndi Stalinist mantha yokha Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich? "Banja" wa Bolsheviks unagawanika mu 20s, ndi Commissar tsogolo ndiye amapereka Stalin, motero ankatha kukwera makwerero amapeza.

Ndipo Mwachitsanzo, pamene mu 1934 Stalin yoletsedwa kumasulidwa kwa dziko anadza ku UK wasayansi Petra Kapitsu, kuti Litvinov makalata Cambridge, kulungamitsa kasamalidwe ake njira. Commissar anthu anali wakhama executor chifuniro cha mtsogoleri, malinga ndi udindo wawo ndi ulamuliro.

The nthumwi anasiya ntchito yogwira mu 1946, pamene iye anachotsedwa. Ndinkakhala Moscow. Litvinov Maksim Maksimovich, mphoto yomwe ndi Order la Lenin ndi Order ya Red mbendera ya Labor, anali anapuma Union phindu. Iye anafa December 31, 1951 ndi matenda a mtima.