Mabuku akale

Mu malo ya nthawi zakale anafika Ages Middle - ndi gawo lofunika mu kukula mwauzimu anthu a Ulaya. nthawi limayamba m'zaka za m'ma 5 ndipo itha theka zoyambirira za m'ma 17. Zotsutsana ndi kuvuta chi anaonekera mu maonekedwe a chikhalidwe chake. Mbiri ya luso Western limasiyana pa Ages Middle ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Woyamba unakhala 5 m'zaka m'ma 15, ndipo yotsirizira - ndi m'ma 14 ndi wachitatu zoyambirira za m'ma 17.

Western European mabuku akale ndi mabuku a Kubadwa Kwatsopano amagwira kale kugawidwa m'mbali zitatu. Mwazaka, ndi mzere wa demarcation anatengera sayansi mbiri. Periodization zikuwoneka motere:

1. Literature Early Middle Ages (cha m'ma 5 m'ma 11). Iwo zinaonetsera moyo wa anthu a ku Ulaya pa kugwa kwa dongosolo limodzi ndi mapangidwe ubale ang'onoang'ono. Zikuimira mankhwala ake m'kamwa luso makamaka Achisaxon, Aselote ndi Scandinavia ndi Latin zilembo.

2. Literature heyday wa feudalism (m'ma 11 m'ma 15). Panthawi imeneyi, limodzi ndi ntchito otchuka wa chitukuko kuwonjezeka amalandira ntchito ya olemba payekha. Ambiri, mtsinje mabuku a malangizo wolemekezeka, kusonyeza zofuna ndi maganizo a magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu ang'onoang'ono. Pali ntchito zolembedwa osati Latin komanso moyo zilankhulo za ku Ulaya.

3. Mabuku a Kubadwa Kwatsopano (m'ma 15 kuti wachitatu zoyambirira za m'ma 17). Izi otchedwa nthawi ya malemu Middle Ages, pamene alimi ang'onoang'ono akukumana mavuto ndi akutulukira asapita latsopano zachuma.

Mitundu choyambirira mabuku akale chimatsatira kwachirendo ndi zovuta moyo wa anthu European nthawi imeneyi. Ntchito kuti sanapulumuke, ndi amene sakutha, ndi wofunika kwambiri pa phunziro la cholowa chikhalidwe.

Medieval mabuku a m'nyengo yoyambirira lagawidwa mabuku olembedwa mu chinenero Latin ndi mabuku m'zinenero za anthu ameneŵa. Choyamba zili lagawidwa zachipembedzo ndi nkhani wamba.

mabuku mpingo, ndithudi, inextricably zogwirizana ndi chikhulupiriro mwa Khristu ndipo Mpingo wa Katolika. Komabe, zinagwera ndi "achikunja" maganizo, kusonyeza Zionetsero ndi kuponderezedwa kwa anthu ndi atsogoleri ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono.

Literature kwake Latin ndakatulo ndi Mbiri Vagant asayansi Inde zochitika ndi zinthu zawo. Yotsirizira anali opereka kwa mbiri yakale.

Mabuku m'zinenero a anthu ameneŵa kuperekedwa ndi achi Irish ndipo achingelezi epic, komanso ntchito ya Masewerera a Nordic.

Medieval mabuku zoyambirira nyengo ya anthu ang'onoang'ono ndi zambiri osiyanasiyana mu okhutira ndi mtundu wanyimbo. Ndi onse mozama kusonyezedwa makhalidwe, maganizo, makhalidwe ndi moyo nthawi yake. Zofuna za atsogoleri ndi ang'onoang'ono kalasi chaonetsedwera mu zachipembedzo ndipo mabuku courtly. Mu mawonekedwe m'kamwa akupitiriza kukhala zilandiridwenso wa anthu wamba, osati mu dzikolo dipuloma a. M'zaka za m'ma 12, ndi zikamera a mizinda pali burgher (mzinda) mabuku. Iwo amakhala ndi lathu voti ndi odana ndi ang'onoang'ono.

Medieval mabuku a Kubadwa Kwatsopano limasonyeza chidwi zochitika zenizeni. wokhutira ndi mitundu-mbiri za mmbuyomu ndi kuyankha zopempha zonse za moyo wamasiku ano, molimba mtima amasonyeza zotsutsana zake zonse. The chinthu chachikulu cha chithunzichi ntchito nthawi imeneyi ndi munthu amene dziko wake wa maganizo ndi malingaliro, zochita zake. Chitsanzo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito olemba mu zilandiridwenso ndi maphwando a zopeka awo zinthu za mu folklore.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano mabuku ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana Mbali wamba, mmene nthawi ino.