Nikolai Maclay: lalifupi yonena

"Iwe woyamba ... ife atsimikizira kuti anthu kulikonse munthu" - mawu awa a L. N. Tolstoy anafunsa aang'ono kwambiri wasayansi Nikolai Maclay Miklouho-. The yonena za ichi wapaulendo wotchuka ndi chidwi, amene timawerenga mu mpweya umodzi. Nzosadabwitsa nthawi zambiri anaitanidwa kunyumba yachifumu, chotero iye anawauza m'banja lachifumu la moyo wake mwa Aaborijini wa New Guinea.

Maclay: MBIRI (banja ndi ubwana)

Tsogolo wapaulendo wotchuka ndi ethnographer anabadwa July 17, 1846 m'mudzi wa chigawo zinenero Novgorod, mu banja zabwino. M'zaka khumi zikubwerazi iye, mayi ake, abale ndi alongo nthawi zambiri pamalo malo, izi bambo ake, omwe anali sitima injiniya. Kumapeto kwa 1856 mutu wa banja anaikidwa mutu wa pomanga msewu Vyborg. Ndi nthawi Nicholas Maclay Sr. anali kale kudwala chifuwa chachikulu cha TB, koma mwachangu anayamba kugwira ntchito yatsopano. Izi potsiriza inasokoneza thanzi lake, ndipo iye anafa patatha chaka pa zaka 41.

Popeza ndalama banja anali padera mu equities ndi mkazi wamasiye anapanga moyo mapu kujambula, anakhoza kupereka ana maphunziro abwino, kuitana aphunzitsi kunyumba. ngakhale iye ganyu iwo kuti mphunzitsi luso amene anatsegula Nikolai luso luso.

Phunziro sekondale

Nikolai Maclay, amene yonena ndi zonse zochitika chidwi, mu 1858, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu Sergei Analeredwa kalasi yachitatu ya sukulu "Annenschule". Koma posakhalitsa, anyamata anapempha mayi ake kumasulira iwo mu breech zolimbitsa thupi. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mkazi wamasiye mlanduwu Pempho yopemphera kwa ana a amazikonda anthu otchuka, malinga ndi udindo wa mwamuna wake mochedwa, kupereka bwino zimenezi.

Chachiwiri Petersburg High School Nikolay Mikluha anaphunzira zoipa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri truant. Chifukwa, icho chiri ndi vuto lalikulu, iye anasamutsidwa kuti Maphunziro 5.

Nditakwanitsa zaka 15, pamene wophunzira chionetsero Nikolai anamangidwa, ndipo pamodzi ndi sukulu zina ndi m'bale wake Sergei anamangidwa Petro ndi Paulo Linga. Komabe, masiku ochepa achinyamata anamasulidwa, monga bungwe la Kufufuza ankaona kuti yatsekeredwa mosazindikira.

Kuphunzira pa yunivesite

M'chaka cha 1863, Nikolai anasiya zolimbitsa thupi. Iye anasonyeza kuti akufuna kulowa Academy of Tirhana, koma mayi ake anatha kulankhula naye kunja kwa.

Mu September 1863 mnyamata wina analoŵa mongodzipereka pa Moscow University of Physics ndi Masamu zimene zinali zotheka ngakhale popanda chikalata kuthetsa Inde zolimbitsa thupi. Apo iye ntchito sayansi molimba zachilengedwe monga Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa.

Pa misonkhano yunivesite unachitika mu 1864, Nicholas ankayesetsa kukweza nyumba mnzakeyo wake pa masewera olimbitsa thupi Sufschinskogo. Iwo anali womangidwa ndi makonzedwe, ndipo mnyamata saloledwa kupita makalasi.

Kamodzi zinaonekeratu kuti Nicholas sangathe kulandira maphunziro apamwamba ku Russia, mayi anavomera kutumiza mwanayo kuphunzira kunja Germany. Pambuyo ndi vuto yaitali, mnyamata anakwanitsa kufika pasipoti ndi kupita kudziko lina mu April 1864.

Moyo mu Germany

Nikolai Maclay (yonena za wasayansi mobwerezabwereza kusintha m'nyengo Soviet) pambuyo chikuonetseratu ku yunivesite ya Heidelberg anali nawo kulowerera ndale pakati apo ophunzira Russian koleji kugwirizana ndi maganizo pa chiwembu Polish. Mayi ake anali Pokopa mwana wake kukhala kutali ndi ndale ndi kukhala injiniya wabwino. Motsutsana ndi zofuna za ubwana wake, pamodzi ndi nkhani pa masamu, anayamba kupita makalasi mu maphunziro chikhalidwe.

M'chaka cha 1865 Nicholas Maclay kunditumiza ku (yonena za mnyamata wina odziwika bwino), yunivesite ya Leipzig. Kumeneko, iye anayamba ndi mphamvu, pamene aphunzitsa, mabwana m'munda wa ulimi ndi nkhalango.

Atakamba kumeneko chaka 4, anapita Jena ndi kulumikiza mphamvu of Medicine, kumene anaphunzitsidwa kwa zaka 3.

Maulendowa kuti Islands Canary

M'chaka cha 1866 wotsogolera sayansi Nikolai E. Haeckel anaganiza kukaona Sicily ndi cholinga kuphunzira zinyama ya Mediterranean ndipo anamupempha kukaona wophunzira wake ndiwotani ndi wothandizira. Nkhondo akhaapatisa kusintha njira, ndipo mnyamatayo anali mu England, kumene anakumana ndi mwa Darwin yekha. Kenako ophunzira a ulendo anawolokera kuti Madeira ndipo kenako Santa Cruz pachilumba cha Tenerife.

Anthu wamba watenga asayansi kwa mfiti. Akamaliza gulu la asayansi, zimene zinaphatikizapo ndi Maclay, anafika Morocco. Kumeneko, Nikolai anali kuphunzira moyo wa Berbers ndipo anabwerera Jena mu May 1867.

ntchito sayansi

Mu Jena NN Maclay (yonena unyamata anapereka pamwamba) analinso Haeckel wothandizira. M'chaka cha 1867, anafalitsa pepala lake loyamba sayansi mu "Journal of Jena mankhwala ndi sayansi." Yosainidwa "Maclay".

Patapita chaka chimodzi, mnyamata maphunziro Medical la Yunivesite ya Jena ndipo wakhala zimayesetsa ntchito sayansi. Mu umodzi mwa nkhani zake, iye anaika patsogolo pa amanena kuti zinthu ndi zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo. E. The kusintha kwa mtundu wapachiyambi wa chamoyo moyo ndi ndondomeko zina, koma osati Mwambamwamba.

Maulendowa kwa Italy ndi Nyanja Yofiira

Pambuyo kulephera kwa ambiri ayesetsa kukhala membala wa maulendowa kumalo ozizira Maclay (yonena za zaka zomalizira za moyo wake anapereka m'munsimu) anapita ku Sicily ndi katswiri Anton Dohrn-Darwinist.

Mu Italy, tsogolo wotchuka wofufuza atamva akamaliza kumanga ndi Suez Canal ndipo anaganiza kuphunzira zomera ku Nyanja Yofiira.

Mutapita ku Egypt, komwe anakhala chachikulu kafukufuku wasayansi anapita ku Russia, kumene anafikako m'chilimwe cha 1869.

Kukonzekera maulendowa woyamba New Guinea

Anakumana ndi achibale amene panthawiyo ankakhala Saratov, Nikolai Maclay (yonena za sayansi pambuyo pake m'zinenero zambiri) ndinapita ku likulu la dziko analankhula pa misonkhano ingapo sayansi. Posachedwapa, iye anali kulandiridwa mu chiwerengero cha Russian Society Geographical ndi wovomerezeka asilikali a maulendowa zomwe Iye anagonjera pa Pacific Ocean.

May 21, 1870 Nduna ya sitima Crabbe anati adalandira chilolezo kupulumutsa Maclay apamwamba mu Batavia pa corvette "Vityaz".

Maclay Nikolai: yonena mwachidule za nthawi ya moyo pa zilumba mu Pacific Ocean

Kuchoka kwa "Vityaz" unachitika November 8, 1870. Mu Brazil, Maclay atapita chipatala m'deralo ndipo ankachita nawo akuda anayendera amuna ndi akazi.

July 21, "The Knight" anafika ku Tahiti. Pachilumba Maclay anagula nsalu wofiira, masingano, malezala, sopo, ndipo analandira mphatso kuchokera Jossan bishopu.

Ndiye apaulendo anapita Apia, kumene Antchito wolipidwa awiri: yapamadzi ku Sweden Olsen ndi mbadwa achinyamata Klitschko. Patapita miyezi iwiri, wasayansi ndi omuthandizira ake anafika kopita yomaliza ya ulendo wawo. Maclay (mwachidule yonena za wasayansi ngati ulendo buku) tidakocheza ndi omuthandizira ake ndi anapita kumudzi. anthu onse m'deralo anatenga zidendene zake koma Papuan dzina lake Tui amene m'tsogolo anakhala mkhalapakati pakati pa mamembala a ulendo ndi mbadwa.

Mu miyezi a mbadwa azisonyeza atsopano warily, koma mu 1872 Maclay (lalifupi yonena sangapereke chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha moyo wake, zonse za ulendo) Analeredwa ndi iwo monga bwenzi.

Onani malo a munthu wapaulendo dzina lake. Choncho pa mapu dziko anaonekera Coast Maclay.

Ulendo wachiwiri kwa New Guinea

December 24 m'ngalawamo "Emerald" wasayansi kumanzere New Guinea. Patapita kanthawi iye anafika ku Hong Kong, komwe anaphunzira za mlandu ulemerero kafukufuku Papuans. Pambuyo maulendo kuti Batavia Maclay anapita pa ulendo wachiwiri kwa Papuans ndipo tidakocheza ku Ambon, January 2, 1874. Kumeneko anayamba kulimbana ndi kugulitsa akapolo.

Mu May 1875 wasayansi analemba kalata kwa Mfumu Alexander Wachiwiri ndi pempho kutenga amatetezedwa wa Aaborijini a New Guinea, ndipo analandira yankho negative.

Atakhala kumeneko miyezi 17 pachilumbachi, Maclay anapita ku Australia. Pali Miklouho- Maclay anakwanitsa chidwi cha makonsolo ntchito gulu kwachilengedwenso siteshoni mu Bay Watsons Bay. Pakuti sizinali zotheka kusonkhanitsa kuchuluka chofunika, wasayansi kamodzinso anapita ku South Pacific.

mu Melanesia

Kumayambiriro a 1880 apaulendo tidakocheza pa zilumba Louisiade, koma pali anadwala malungo ndi mozizwitsa anapulumutsidwa ndi amishonale anamutengera ku Brisbane. Patapita chaka Maclay anabwerera ku Sydney ulendo sitima Tizilombo Station.

Komabe, anayesetsa kuteteza anthu New Guinea. Makamaka, alowererepo wake upulumutsidwe pa kuphedwa kwa mudzi Aborigine, kufupi ndi kumene amishonale ena atatu anaphedwa.

Tikaonanso Russia, ndi ulendo Europe

Sydney Maclay (mwachidule yonena za sayansi ndi lilibe mfundo iliyonse za romances wake zakanthawi) anakomana ndi mkazi wamasiye Margaret Robertson Clark - mwana wa akuluakulu zofunika atsamunda, amene anapha mmwamba chikondi. Komabe, anachoka mtsikanayo kubwerera ku Russia, kumene anafikako mu January 1882. Pali iye anayembekezera ndi kusaleza, ndi nkhani ake anali wopambana kwambiri. Komanso, wapaulendo unaperekedwa kwa Alexander III, amene kuthetsa mavuto ndi ndalama.

kudwala anatsogolera Maclay kupita chithandizo ku Ulaya. Paulendo, analandira kalata yochokera Margaret Clark, imene anapereka chilolezo kwa ukwati ndi wasayansi ndi. Komabe, osati kupita amakonda, wasayansi kachitatu anapita New Guinea. Apo iye anakhumudwa, monga Anzake ambiri anafa Papuans. Maclay anafika mbewu Bong horticultural - mango, breadfruit, lalanje, mandimu ndi nyemba khofi. Komabe, ngakhale zopempha ku Papuans, Iye adawasiya, kulonjezedwa kwa kubwerera.

ukwati

June 10, 1883, Nicholas Maclay anabwerera ku Sydney ndipo akhoza mavuto kugwirizana ndi chimaliziro cha ukwati pakati pa iye ndi Chiprotestanti Clark. February 27, 1884 iwo anakwatirana ndi woyamba anabadwa mu November awo - mwana wa Alexander.

Bwererani ku Russia, ndi imfa

Atalandira dongosolo kuti amasule nyumbayi Tizilombo Station Maclay anaganiza zobwerera kwawo ndipo inafika ku Odessa m'ma April 1886. Asayansi Russian ndayesera kuti agwire gulu la madera ntchito resettlement pa Maclay Coast, koma mapulani ake anapita awry.

Mu 1887, thanzi wotchuka wapaulendo anakula. Ngakhale izi, anatha kubweretsa banja Russia. Komabe, matenda (monga kunapezeka khansara), patsogolo, ndipo mu April 1988 Nicholas Maclay (mwachidule yonena za mukudziwa kale) anafa.

maliro

Mu ulendo omaliza apaulendo anakhala asayansi ambiri otchuka a nthawi ndi a Russian Society Geographical. Maclay anaikidwa pa za Volkov manda pafupi ndi bambo ake ndiponso mlongo wake Olga.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa amene Maclay Nikolai. Mwachidule yonena za munthu, ngakhale mu maonekedwe wothinikizidwa kumafunika masamba, monga iye anakhala ndi moyo, ndi amazipanga wolemera ulendo.