1609-1611: chitetezo cha Smolensk. Events Chirasha Polish nkhondo, mbiri ya Russia

The 1609-1611 Kuteteza Smolensk anakhala mmodzi wa zochitika zofunika kwambiri pa Nthawi ya Mavuto mu Russia, pamene dziko litagaŵanika ndi mikangano mkati ndi phukusi yachilendo.

Prerequisites kwa kuzinga ndi

Kuukira a magulu Polish ku Smolensk anali yomwe akutchulidwa woyamba wa Chirasha Polish nkhondo Nthawi ya Mavuto. Kuzinga mzinda kutsogozedwa ndi Korol Sigizmund III. Mfumu anaukira Russia pambuyo mndandanda wa Zopatsa wa magnates Polish.

Back mu 1604 pa dera la Commonwealth anabwera wonyenga amene anayeserera kukhala atafa kale Tsarevich wotchedwa Dmitry (mwana Ivana Groznogo). Munthu ameneyo anali Gregory Otrepyev - amathawathawa mmonke amene anatsimikiza kukhala mfumu, kudziyerekeza womwalirayo wolowa woyenera ufumu. Pa nthawi iyi mu Moscow, Boris Godunov malamulo. Iye sanali wa ku Rurik mafumu. Komanso, mu ulamuliro wake chifukwa cha kulephera mbewu njala yaikulu. Osauka ndi malodza chisokonezo ananena mfumu ndifotokoze mavuto awo, ndipo kokha ankamuyembekezera maonekedwe a wotchedwa Dmitry Zonama.

Otrepyev Anapempha thandizo la anthu otchuka Polish, kuphatikizapo Mnishek banja. Ankaikonda anam'patsa ndalama, ndipo ambiri a asilikali a wonamizira limeneli Cossacks ku madera Chipolishi Russian malire. Mu 1605, Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry, ndi osangalala mwangozi, anali wokhoza kulanda mphamvu Moscow.

Iye anapanga anamuperekeza wake Zitsulo anawapatsa malo ofunika kwambiri pa dziko. Siziri ngati wakale Moscow osankhika. Chiwembu A imene wotchedwa Dmitry Zonama anaphedwa ndi Zitsulo anagwidwa ndi m'ndende. Mfumu yatsopanoyi inali zakale mbuye Vasiliy Shuysky.

Chiyambi cha Chirasha Polish nkhondo

nthawi yonseyi Korol Sigizmund sankalowerera. Komabe, amangidwe olemekezeka ambiri Polish anamutengera msanga. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Russia, wonamizira watsopano, amene historiography kudziwika monga Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II. Iye panaoneka olemekezeka Polish, anali atangothamangitsidwa anapulumuka ndi kupanduka zinalephereka ndi Sigismund.

Asilikali a akuba ndi adventurers anagwa pansi Moscow ndi uthenga ovutika likulu ndi mizinda ina mu dziko, kotero otaya mankhwala mu ilo ndi zinthu zina. Mu mzinda wa njala. Shuya anavomera kumasula ku ndende ya Zitsulo onse. Pa nthawi yomweyo mfumu anachita mgwirizano ndi mfumu ya ku Sweden, kulonjezedwa kumpoto mnansi zinthu zingapo thandizo polimbana wonamizira lapansi.

Sigismund anali mdani Woonekera kwa chisoti Swedish. Iye anatenga mgwirizano anansi ngati chonamizira boma kunkhondo. Polish mfumu zoyembekezeredwa posachedwa adzatha Moscow, chifukwa ndi nthawi kuti Russia kwa zaka zingapo ndakhala mu mkhalidwe chisokonezo. Mu 1609 Sigismund mwalamulo kulengeza nkhondo Shumsky ndi asilikali ake anasamukira ku malire.

Kukonzekera azingidwa

Choncho anayamba kuzinga Smolensk. mzinda ili pa njira ku Poland kwa Moscow ndipo anali waukulu "chikopa" chifukwa likulu. Ndi linga anabwera 20000th Polish asilikali. Pa nthawi iyi mu Smolensk ina yaing'ono 5000th asilikali, motsogoleredwa ndi Kazembe Mikhail Shein.

Madzulo a Launch msonkhano, mu January 1609, Sigismund anali Sejm mu Warsaw, kumene anthu otchuka anapereka dongosolo imene iye ankafuna kuika pampando wachifumu Russian mwana wake Vladislav. M'chaka anayamba kuukira ndi mwadongosolo asilikali Polish m'tauni Russian malire a ufumu. Mikhail Shein, akudziwa kuti posachedwapa angafike Smolensk asilikali weniweni, chisanadze anakonza yomanga outposts wa kunja kwa mzinda. Udindo wa linga wa sakuyenda pamene chilimwe misewu onse a ku Paris anali wotanganidwa ndi asilikali Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry. Pamene msasa wake waukulu inali mu Tushino wakunja kwatawuni, iye anayamba kuitana Tushino, ndipo asilikali ake - amuna a Tushino.

Kuzinga Smolensk, mizati akanatha inatha mofulumira kwambiri, ngati osati kanthu mwamsanga Shein. Anasonkhanitsa zonse gunners, oponya mivi ndi ana boyar amene anali pafupi. Mu August, kazembe ndi mwachangu anatumiza malamulo pa asilikali a asilikali minda zosiyanasiyana. wamba mtendere munaphunzitsidwa kusamalira zida, kotero kuti iwo akhoza kuteteza kwawo.

Kaboma kazembe kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. anthu zikwi ziwiri anali mu mkhalidwe mayunitsi asilikali, amene anali ku mapeto kuteteza makoma a mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Ena a asilikali wopita kuukira mu msasa wa adani. Kuzinga asilikali anawagawa 38 mayunitsi zofanana, omwe anali kuteteza nsanja imodzi pa makoma a. Ngati kuukira sanali, gawo lachiwiri la asilikali anagwirizana mafunsidwe ndipo anathandiza m'madera mdani akhoza kutenga ulamuliro.

Amene anachita chitetezo cha Smolensk ku Poland. The zinthu mkati msasa chilango chokhwima. Voevode anatha kusonkhanitsa chuma chonse cha mzinda. Wamba athandizanso kaboma. Iwo nawo olondera zonse kuzungulira makoma. utumiki kunachitidwa mosinthana, walola wotchi kuwayang'anira chitetezo pa malire a mzinda.

Chilumba ndi funso linauka wa tenements lapansi. Unali mbali ya mzinda, inali kunja kwa mpanda wa mzinda. Chiwerengero cha mabanja kukufika 6000. Onse a iwo anali kuwotchedwa kwa Zitsulo umera udachiwana kukula mizu pali. Population posadas anabisa mkati mwa makoma, chifukwa cha zimene zinayamba mu nkhondo mzinda pa nyumba. M'kupita Shein inaika lamulo malinga ndi zomwe eni chuma anali ufulu tiyeni pokhala. lendi Cash inaletsedwa. Izi walola mikangano kuchepa. Pamene ufumu Russian ankadwala matenda adani osiyanasiyana, Smolensk likukonza chitetezo.

Maonekedwe a Zitsulo m'makoma Smolensk

Woyamba bungwe asilikali Polish anapita Smolensk September 16, 1609. Anatsogoleredwa ndi mkulu Lev Sapieha. Patapita masiku wina atatu makoma anali asilikali a Mfumu Sigismund III. Poyamba, asilikali mdani anali anthu 12 zikwi, koma pa nthawi chithunzi ichi anafika chilemba cha 22,000. Ngakhale kukula chidwi wa gulu lankhondo la adani anali kuipa ena. Bukuli linapangidwa makamaka kudera la nkhondo, kotero koyenera kuti kuzinga oyenda ndi zida zankhondo anali pafupifupi kwina. azambiriyakale ambiri masiku ano amavomereza kuti Sigismund konse kukazungulira mzinda kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo pofuna mafungulo kwa iye pomwepo pa kufika kwa chipata. Koma Iye amayembekezera sizichitika.

Chiyambi cha kuzinga Smolensk zinali zodzaza ndi chakuti ankhondowo Polish kuti anali ndi malo pafupifupi makumi awiri makilomita lalikulu kuzungulira mzindawo. A wamba ochepa, amene panthawiyo anali kukhalabe mu mzinda wa Smolensk, Ankawaphwanyira amapereka zonse chakudya - amangoika inalandidwa kudyetsa asilikali a mfumu. Komanso, anthu a m'mudzimo anali kupereka mankhwala m'tsogolo. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti ambiri am'deralo chabe anathawira ku nkhalango, koma osati kugwirizana ndi mdani. Asilikali Polish potsiriza pabwino kwa Smolensk kazembe anamuka nthumwi udzafunidwa agonje kwa mzindawo. Nkhani Poyankha Smolyan amasiyana. Malinga ndi Baibulo lina, anthu anazungulira sanayankhe chilichonse, pa zina - analonjeza nthawi yotsatira kumwa madzi Dnieper Zitsulo (ie kumira).

poukira loyamba

Zinatha kwa pafupifupi zaka zitatu (1609-1611) chitetezo cha Smolensk. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Zitsulo musati ngakhale adzipangira dongosolo atazunguliridwa ndi chiyani, poyamba anakwera zida zankhondo kutero. matenda akhala kugwirizana ndi zolinga chabe a Sigismund kugonja mwamsanga mzinda. Pamene anali m'malo mwa onse ndi Hetman Stanislav Zholkevsky, ndiye moona I anauza mfumuyo kuti asilikali adzasowe zinthu kuchita bwino akanthawi kumenya. chotero Iye akufuna kusiya Smolensk mu anatseka misewu, ndi mphamvu yaikulu kusamukira ku Moscow. Sigismund Komabe, ngati dongosolo si anavomera ndipo analamula kuti pokonzekera akanthe.

Akatswiri Polish ayesetsa kuchepetsa zipata angapo, koma analephera, ndipo onse chifukwa zokometsera mumzinda mu nthawi kukhazikitsa chipika nyumba, wodzazidwa ndi miyala ndi dziko lapansi. Zinthu zimene zinapangidwa masana, pamene asilikali kwambiri zochita za mdani. Kenako ankapitabe zinachitika pa usiku. Zitsulo akadali anakwanitsa afooketse Avramievskie zipata, koma palibe phindu sizinathandize. asilikali sakanatha kudutsa kusiyana chifukwa bungwe osauka akanthe ndi mochedwa amam'dziŵitsa chiyambi cha kuukira, amene anamuona asilikali a. Fundo Smolensk Tinadabwa kwa nkhondo. asilikali anatsegula moto lolemera, amene Ndimatchetcha m'gulu la Zitsulo Lithuanians. Chifukwa zomvetsa lalikulu lagona yomanga wandiweyani wa asilikali asilikali ake. Russian muvi unagwa pa mdani pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse. Outgunned zokometsera awalola moto ngakhale msasa yachifumu, yomwe inali pa mtunda wautali pa malo a nkhondo mwachindunji kwa chipata.

Pambuyo kulephera pa pambali kum'mawa kwa Poland zopita ku zolawula pa mbali kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa mpanda wa. Ankhondo yamagazi zinachitika pafupi ndi Dnieper Pyatnitskikh ndipo zipata kumene mazana a asilikali mbali zonse anaphedwa. Panthawi yoopsa iyi Mikhail Shein kwakukuru ntchito machenjerero chinkhoswe ogwira ndi otetezedwa m'manja, lomwe limapezeka kumene nkhondo anayamba kutembenuka mokomera mdani.

Mfuti ya likungosonyeza laling'ono, limene mwini wa adani mu masiku oyambirira, kodi si kuwononga kwambiri kuti waukulu Wall Smolensk Linga. Iwo amasangalatsa zokometsera amene aona kulephera kwa khama la mdani.

Kupita kwa kuzinga yaitali

Woyamba zinalephereka kumenya inatha September 27, 1609. Nthawi ya Mavuto sanaletse linga zokometsera bwinobwino kugwirizana kusonyeza Adani. Kumayambiriro kwa October kwa asilikali precipitating anasonkhana pamodzi ndi anthu 10 000 pakati Cossacks lapansi. A siteji latsopano ozungulira mzindawo. Tsopano okonza ndi sappers Polish mbukhafuna makoma mdani, kuwaika chinyengo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngakhale mfumu hayala kumadzulo akatswiri yachilendo (kuphatikizapo Germany), amene bwinobwino anatsogolera nkhondo wanga pa nkhondo European. Khalani wasonyeza kuti mbali yaikulu ya khama lawo pa Smolensk anali pachabe.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Sigismund osati asonkhanitsidwa asilikali pokonzekera akanthe. Koma zokometsera wa Smolensk si atakhala opanda pake. Kaboma anagona pafupi m'zipata zonse, kuti m'pofunika kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha malo kumene n'kukalowa mumzindawo. M'gululi yake kuulula zonse wanga unsembe malinga ndi sanapereke Zitsulo zoipa malinga. M'kupita kwa nthawi, asilikali anaulula vulnerabilities onse, amene mdani umakhoza mkati. Pali alonda zonse anali m'magulu.

Ali wopanikizika, kuzinga inatenga miyezi ingapo. Nthawi Smolensk bungwe sortie, imene kuwononga zomangamanga mdani ndi madzi yotengedwa. Ndi isanayambike yozizira, monga squads zouluka anatumizidwa kusonkhanitsa nkhuni. Nthawiyi, mkulu Mikhail Skopin-Shuya potsiriza Mwalowa Moscow. Pambuyo pake, mu kumbuyo kwa asilikali Polish anayamba zigawenga nkhondo yogwira. Izo omwazika asilikali ndi Sigismund anapereka wotopa waikamo.

Komabe, mwatsoka kwa Smolyan, yozizira 1609-1610 gg. Iwo anaima makamaka nkhanza. Frosts wofooka asilikali ndipo anamusiya ndi pafupifupi katundu palibe. Mu mzinda wa njala. Pamene pafupi Moscow Tushino msasa anagwa, ambiri Zitsulo, amene anali mu Moscow, anabwera pansi pa lamulo la Zolkiewski ndi kuthamanga pa kuzungulira Smolensk. M'chaka mzinda anamva za imfa yadzidzidzi ya Skopin-Shumsky, onse amene ankaimira chiyembekezo kugonjetsa interventionists lapansi. Mkulu wachinyamata, anamwalira mu Moscow pambuyo waipitsa poizoni boyars.

Ngakhale tsokali ichi, asilikali achifumu koma zidatunsidwa kuchoka likulu, galimoto kutali achilendo ochokera mpanda wa mzinda umene wagonjetsedwa. asilikali anagonjetsedwa ku Nkhondo ya Klushino June 24, 1610. Wopambana kunapezeka kuti onse mofanana Stanislav Zolkiewski amene makamaka anasiya msasa pafupi Smolensk, kupereka zoopsa nkhondo Chirasha Swedish asilikali. Koma ngakhale uthenga sanali asalandidwe chilakolako anazinga kuti alimbane mpaka kumapeto.

Kuti dzinja mizati anafika zida zankhondo zonse, n'loopsa kwambiri kwa mpanda wa mzindawo. Smolensk Kuzinga anapitiriza. June 18, za Faceted nsanja mfuti anakwanitsa kubooleza kusiyana lalikulu. Sigismund analamula chiyambi cha kuukira lotsatira. kuukira atatu kale, koma onsewa, chodabwitsa kwa mfumu, idatha kulephera. Smolyan kwenikweni anaponya Zitsulo kwa kuswa. Voivod Shein podziteteza anathandiza kutsogolera Peter Gorchakov.

Final kudzipatula Smolensk

Pakali pano, ku Moscow anabwera uthenga kuti mfumu Vasiliy Shuysky unagonjetsedwa pa chiwembu boyar. Latsopano Kremlin olamulira anali kumbali ya mfumu Polish. Mu historiography wa sakhalitsa boma kudziwika monga Zisanu Boyars. Mu Smolensk anabwera kuti kuti adzipereke mzinda kuti Sigismund. Komabe, Mikhail Shein anakana kumvera. Anthu a linga la pamodzi amapereka maganizo ake. Smoot ndi ndale kusintha mu Moscow analibe amasintha maganizo a anazinga. Pambuyo zaka pafupifupi ziwiri mavuto anthu anazolowera zosiyanasiyana ndi mavuto Zitsulo naye.

Sigismund anaphunzira za kusamvera Shein anapereka Smolensk masiku atatu kuti adzipereke mzinda. Apo ayi analonjeza kudzapereka onse. Nthawiyi Smolensk anali m'ngalande za udindo wa mitengo kuchichepetsa zida zankhondo awo. Chifukwa, Sigismund anafunika kupempha mfuti yatsopano kunyumba, amene adaperekedwa kwa ankhondo kutsogolo kwa miyezi ina iwiri. Panthawi imeneyi, anthu okhala anazinga anakwanitsa kukoka mpweya wake. Ena boyars Smolensk anakayikira kufunika chitetezo chifukwa cha kugwa kwa Moscow. Shein anapondereza maganizo wonyenga. Komanso, m'dzinja izo anadziwika za gulu la asilikali Anthu Choyamba, zalimbitsa yekha chiyembekezo cha zokometsera pa chipulumutso chawo.

Kugwa kwa mpanda wolimba ndi

Chachiwiri kuzinga yozizira, ambiri anapulumuka. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi - 1609-1611 - chitetezo cha Smolensk potsiriza wotopa anthu. Podziwa ichi, Zitsulo atenga June 3 kumenya latsopano. Iwo anakwanitsa anagumula mipata m'makoma. Smolensk zokometsera anabwerera kwambiri mu mzinda, ndipo anamenyana ankhondowo m'misewu. Ankhondowo ankachitika kuwapha osatekeseka. Ena mwa iwo anali oipa mercenaries, amene napempha magazi. A gulu lalikulu la anthu a m'deralo, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi ana, anabisala mu tchalitchi cha Monomakh. Akachisi nthawi zambiri chitetezo chatha m'mizinda anazinga a nthawi imeneyo. Mu mpingo kunali onga m'nkhokwe. Iye zokula ukryvshimisya anthu. Lipenga yoweyula kachisi, pa nthawi yomweyo ndi kuzikwirira achilendo ambiri.

Tsoka Mihaila Sheina ndi akaidi ena

Choncho inatha kuzinga Smolensk Zitsulo. Wolimba kazembe Mikhail Shein, amene kwa zaka ziwiri nkhondo ndi asilikali achifumu, zokhoma yekha imodzi nsanja, ndipo anamenyana ndi mitengo otsiriza. Achibale amene anali pafupi naye, kum'pempha kuti adzipereke, osati kuti adziphe. Pamapeto pake, anamvera banja lake ndipo anaika pansi zida zawo. Bwanamkubwa zinachititsa kuti Sigismund. Mfumu anakwiya kuzinga zaka ziwiri, amene osati zatha asilikali, komanso anachititsa kwambiri reputational kuwonongeka kwa mfumu. Aphedwa olemekezeka ambiri - mtundu wa fuko ndi thandizo la mpando wachifumu. Kuti Mikhail Shein anali kuchititsa manyazi izi zonse. Choncho mfumu ankachitira wandende ndi nkhanza zonse. Iye analamula mtengo kazembe Iye adalikudutsa onse a anthu ake. Pamwamba pa kutopa Shein anatengedwa mu Poland, kumene kuchititsidwa manyazi pagulu, khalidwe nthawi imeneyo: mapangidwe chitachitidwa kupyola mu mzinda, anagwira mu ophimba lotseguka, etc ...

Smolensk kazembe, komanso zina zambiri otsutsa kwambiri a boma Polish mu Russia anali mkaidi yaitali. Iye ankayenera kuti tipirire mayesero ena. Anaumba Tsar Vasily Shumsky, kumbali anali Smolensk, anagwidwa ndi Zitsulo atafika ku Moscow. Mfumu kutsitsidwa komanso anatumizidwa kulipira ulemu kwa Sigismund. Pa msonkhano manyazi ndi mfumu analipo ndipo Shein.

Pamene alowererepo Polish mu Russia, idatha kulephera, ndipo boma la Moscow anabwera Mikhail Romanov, chinthu choyamba chimene iye ankafuna kuti amasule akaidi onse, kuphatikizapo mkulu wa Smolensk. Izi zinachitika yekha mu 1619, pamene nkhondo ya pakati pa mayiko awiriwa kuthatha. Mikhail Shein anabwerera kwawo monga ngwazi yadziko. Inali njira ina yofunika Polish ukapolo naye - Fedor Romanov. Zinali bambo mfumu, Michael, amene anadzakhala kholo la Moscow.

mtengo silikhali

Ngakhale kuti zaka 1609-1611 (Smolensk chitetezo inathera ndi kugwa kwa mzindawo) adatsukwala kwa mbiri ya Russia, chigonjetso cha asilikali Polish angatchedwe chigonjetso Pyrrhic. Awiri ndi theka zaka za kukana amunamuna a anthu a kutauni anali kudzoza kwa anthu ena onse Russian, amene amaoneka kuti ali kunja kwa nkhondo. Smolensk zochitika amasonkhana mphamvu anamwazikana mu kumbuyo. Choncho anali woyamba, kenako chachiwiri ndi asilikali. Ndi mphamvu zimenezi kenako anamasula Moscow kwa adani ndipo analenga preconditions kwa inalowa mwa Romanovs ufumu.

Kufika kwa asilikali a Sigismund kuti Smolensk ndi zaka ziwiri kuchedwa pansi makoma ake ndi zotsatirapo za chuma kwa Poland. Mfumuyi kutumiza kwambiri chuma mu msasa, anagawa mu mzinda kuzungulira, pamene iye anataya kanthu njira mu Moscow ndi zigawo zina zofunika. Pamene Smolensk anagonjetsedwa, asilikali Polish kale unakhetsedwa woyera ndipo sangathe kukhala yaitali ku likulu la Russia. Total anazinga mfumu wataya pafupi zikwi makumi atatu asilikali ophunzitsidwa bwino. Sigismund analibe ngakhale kulingalira momwe ambiri a asilikali ake aike Smolensk Kremlin. Mbiri ya kuzinga ichi chikuoneka ngati zinasintha kiyi ndi Nthawi ya Mavuto. Pambuyo pa adani a Smolensk, mfumu anabwerera kwawo.

Chirasha Polish nkhondo 1609-1618 gg. Iwo inatha chakuti mzinda ukadali zapita kwa Commonwealth. Koma Smolensk yochepa ankakhala akulamulidwa yachilendo. Mu 1654, kale ndi mwana Mikhail Romanov Alexei, iye anabwerera kumalo a Russian. Mu nkhondo chuma Moscow ndipo anali linalanda Kumanzere Bank Ukraine (kuphatikizapo Kiev), kufanizira ndi reunification mbiri ya kum'mawa m'mayiko Asilavo.

Smolensk chitetezo ndi limodzi, Alevi mbiri dziko. Pakhala Russian ufumu sanali poteteza mzinda wawo ndi kulimbikira koteroko. Atabwerako Smolensk pamene Alexei Romanov, iye sanakhale mbali ya Poland.

Mu Russia ano, izo anakhazikitsa National Umodzi Tsiku holide, amene chikondwerero chaka pa November 4. Izi ndi tsiku kutenga Moscow Kremlin asilikali a Minin ndi Pozharsky.