Magetsi mphamvu - ndi chiyani ichi? Development ndi mavuto magetsi Russian

Makampani ku dziko lililonse tichipeza lalikulu zosiyanasiyana za mafakitale, monga zomangamanga kapena magetsi. Awa ndi malangizo omwe kukhala dziko yeniyeni ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana mwina kumvera pa kulankhula osiyanasiyana, pa zifukwa zambiri, monga zinthu zachilengedwe zaumisiri, ndi zina zotero. M'nkhani ino tikukamba pa nkhani yofunika kwambiri ndi kukula mofulumira mafakitale tsiku - mphamvu ya magetsi. Mphamvu makampani - ndi gawo amene likupangika kwa zaka zambiri mosalekeza, koma zaposachedwapa, iye wakhala akufunafuna mwakhama tikupita chitsogolo, akukankha anthu kugwiritsa ntchito kochokera kwambiri wochezeka mphamvu.

Ndi chiyani icho?

Choncho, m'pofunika woyamba zofunika kuti tizindikire zonse ndi ntchito imeneyi. Magetsi - ndi gulu mphamvu, amene ali ndi udindo kupanga, kugawa, HIV ndi kugulitsa magetsi ali. Mwa nthambi zina za dera lino la makampani magetsi ndi otchuka kwambiri kwa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha omasuka ake kugawa, n'zotheka kusintha ake pa maulendo ataliatali kuti intervals yayifupi nthawi zotheka, komanso chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana - mphamvu ngati zamagetsi palibe vuto ngati n'koyenera lidzasinthidwa zina mphamvu monga kutentha, kuwala, mankhwala ndi zina pa. Choncho chitukuko cha mafakitale amasamalirira kwambiri kuti boma la mphamvu dziko. Magetsi - ndi makampani amene m'tsogolo. Ndicho chimene anthu ambiri amaganiza, ndipo ndicho chifukwa muyenera kuwerenga zambiri za pogwiritsa ntchito nkhani imeneyi.

mphamvu za Bwino

Kotero inu angamvetsetse kufunika kwa dziko, makampani, m'pofunika kuona mmene makampani mphamvu ndi chitukuko m'mbiri yonse linakhalapo. Mwakucimbidza Dziwani kuti yopanga magetsi imaonekera mu mabiliyoni maola kilowatt. Mu 1890, pamene magetsi anali tangoyamba kukhala mubale kilowatt / maola biliyoni naini. Big kulumpha chinachitika mu 1950, pamene ikuchitika nthawi oposa zana kwambiri magetsi. Kuyambira pamenepo, chitukuko wakhala patsogolo chimphona - lililonse khumi adaonjezeredwa ku ochepa biliyoni zikwi kW / h. Chifukwa, ndi 2013 mphamvu dziko linapangidwa mu kuchuluka kwa thililiyoni 23,127 kW / h - chimunthu zosaneneka kuti chikukulirakulirabe chaka chilichonse. Pakali pano, ambiri a magetsi anapatsidwa China ndi United States of America - maiko awiri awa ndi makampani ambiri otukuka magetsi. China chimachititsa 23 peresenti ya magetsi onse kwaiye mu dziko, ndi gawo US - peresenti 18. Iwo anatsatira ndi Japan, Russia ndi India - lililonse la maiko awa ali nthaŵi zinayi ang'onoang'ono gawo la kupanga magetsi padziko lonse. Chabwino, tsopano inu mukudziwa ndi madera ambiri a magetsi - ndi nthawi yoti mupite mitundu yeniyeni mafakitale.

matenthedwe mphamvu za

Inu mukudziwa kuti magetsi - ndi gawo mphamvu, ndi mphamvu yokha, nayenso, ndi nthambi ya makampani wonse. Komabe, nthambi sikuthetsa kumeneko - magetsi, pali mitundu yambiri, ena a iwo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ena sali choncho otchuka. Pali njira magetsi mafakitale omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira sagwirizana nazo kukwaniritsa kupanga zikuluzikulu magetsi popanda owononga chilengedwe, komanso neutralization mwa zinthu zoipa njira za makolo. Koma zinthu oyamba.

Sitepe yoyamba ndi kulankhula za ikukhudzana gawo mphamvu, chifukwa ambiri ndi odziwika padziko lonse. Kodi magetsi motere? Munthu angathe mosavuta kulingalira kuti mu nkhani iyi pali matenthedwe mphamvu kutembenuka mu magetsi ndi kutentha analandira ndi moto utsi zosiyanasiyana. Tikaphatikiza kutentha ndi mphamvu angapezeke pafupifupi m'dziko lililonse - ndi ndondomeko ambiri kumodzi ndi yabwino yodalirika yambiri mphamvu pa mtengo wotsika. Komabe, njira imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa zoipa kwambiri chilengedwe. Choyamba, kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito malasha utsi, amene nthawi amayenda kutha. Chachiwiri, mankhwala kuyaka imatulutsidwa mu mlengalenga, chiphe izo. N'chifukwa chake pali njira zina za magetsi. Komabe, izi si magetsi onse chikhalidwe - pali ena, ndipo tiona iwo.

Nyukiliya makampani mphamvu

Monga momwe zinalili m'mbuyomu tikaonetsetsa mphamvu za nyukiliya makampani angaphunzire zambiri kuchokera kwa mutu. Mphamvu za Pankhaniyi kamapangikira nyukiliya, kumene akuwaza maatomu ndi kugawikana mitima yawo - chifukwa cha zimene limapezeka lalikulu umuna mphamvu limene lidzasinthidwa magetsi. N'zokayikitsa kuti aliyense akudziwa kuti izi ndi magetsi ambiri osadziteteza. Makampani, osati dziko lililonse lili ndi cholowa kupanga dziko magetsi nyukiliya. kutayikira aliyense zimenezo riyakitala akhoza ndi zotsatira zoopsa - zokwanira kumbukirani Chernobyl, komanso nkhani inayake Japan. Komabe, posachedwapa chitetezo akupatsidwa koposa chidwi, mphamvu nyukiliya zomera anamanga m'tsogolo.

hydropower

Njira ina yotchuka kubala magetsi ndi kupeza izo m'madzi. Zimenezi zikachitika ogulitsa opangira magetsi mphamvu, iyo sikutanthauza aliyense woopsawo ndondomeko fission atomiki phata kapena zoipa chilengedwe amayaka mafuta, komanso ali ndi kuipa kwake. Choyamba, ndi kuphwanya otaya chilengedwe cha mitsinje - anamangira damu, ndi amene amalenga madzi zofunika turbines, ndipo kuti alandire mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa kumanga madamu chatsanulidwa ndi kufa mitsinje, nyanja ndi zina madzi achilengedwe mosungiramo, choncho simungathe kuti izi ndi njira yangwiro kwa gawo lino mphamvu. Choncho, ambiri magetsi makampani si ankachitira mitundu miyambo ndi njira za mphamvu yambiri.

mphamvu zina

mphamvu zina m'badwo - ndi mndandanda wa mitundu ya magetsi, ena kuposa miyambo makamaka chifukwa chakuti iwo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu makamaka zoipa kwa chilengedwe, ndipo osati pansi palibe wina pangozi. Tikuyankhula zokhudza wa hydrogen, osefukira, yoweyula ndi mitundu zina zambiri. Ambiri a awa ndiwo mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Kuti iwo kutsindika - ambiri amakhulupirira kuti iwo tsogolo la makampani. ndicho mitundu zimenezi?

Mphepo mphamvu - ndi kuti magetsi mphepo. M'minda ya makina oyendera mphepo zimamangidwa, amene kothandiza kwambiri ndi mpata mphamvu si zikuipiraipirabe kuposa njira tafotokozazi, koma zochita za mphepo turbines ochepa okha mphepo. Inde, sangathe njira ndi mphepo - ichi ndi mfundo sangathe kugonjetsa, koma ofufuza ntchito pokonzanso magwiridwe a makina oyendera mphepo ano. Koma dzuwa mphamvu, pali magetsi zichokera kwa dzuŵa. Monga momwe zilili ndi view yapita, palinso kuyesetsa kuonjezera mphamvu yosungirako monga dzuwa si nthawi zonse - kapena ngakhale nyengo ndi wopanda mitambo, Mulimonsemo, panthawi ina apo pakubwera usiku pamene mapanelo dzuwa sangabereke magetsi.

kufala mphamvu

Chabwino, tsopano inu mukudziwa mitundu yonse yaikulu ya mphamvu za Komabe, ngati inu mukhoza kumvetsa kwa tanthauzo la magetsi, ndipeze zonse si. The mphamvu zofunika popereka ndi kugawa. Choncho, mphamvu ya magetsi imafalikira pa mizere mphamvu. Izi ochititsa zachitsulo kuti kulenga Intaneti lalikulu magetsi padziko lonse. Kale mizere pamwamba nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa - anthu munakwanisa kuona msewu, ataponyedwa ndime wina ndi mzake. Komabe, posachedwapa kuwonjezeka kutchuka tatenga mizere chingwe amakwiriridwa mobisa.

Mbiri ya chitukuko cha Russian magetsi makampani mphamvu

Russian magetsi makampani anayamba nthawi yomweyo, ndipo pamene dziko - mu 1981, pamene kufala kwa mphamvu ya magetsi wakhala bwinobwino zagwiridwa kwa nthawi yoyamba mu pafupifupi mazana awiri makilomita. Choonadi cha chisanadze chosintha Russian makampani magetsi wakhala amazipanga underdeveloped - linanena bungwe pachaka magetsi zimenezo dziko lalikulu anali 1,9 yekha biliyoni kW / h. Pamene ulimi zinachitika, Vladimir Ilich Lenin adafotokoza kuti Russia electrification dongosolo, zomwe kukhazikitsa anayamba nthawi yomweyo. Kale mu 1931 pakati dongosolo wakhala anaphedwa, koma mlingo wa chitukuko wakhala chidwi kuti ndi 1935, dongosolo anali kuposa katatu. Ndiyamika kukonzanso uku, kale ndi 1940 magesi linanena bungwe pachaka Russia anakwana 50 biliyoni kW / h, lomwe nthawi twente-faifi kuposa pamaso zitasintha. Mwatsoka, patsogolo modabwitsa wakhala mawu Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World Koma nditamaliza ake anachira, ndi 1950, boma la Soviet Union anafola biliyoni 90 kWh / h, umene unali pafupi khumi peresenti ya m'badwo wonse magetsi padziko lonse. Pofika m'ma zaka zao za sikisite, Soviet Union anafika pamalo achiwiri dziko mphamvu m'badwo, ndipo kuwonjezera pa United States. zinthu anakhalabe pa mlingo yemweyo mkulu mpaka kugwa kwa USSR, pamene mphamvu ya magetsi sanali makampani okha amene akhala akuvutika kwambiri chifukwa cha mwambo umenewu. Chilamulo watsopano pa Magetsi, imene m'zaka zikubwerazi akhale chitukuko mofulumira ntchito imeneyi ku Russia yosainidwa mu 2003. Ndipo dziko motsimikizadi chikusuntha malangizo. Koma chinthu chimodzi - kusaina Chilamulo pa Magetsi, ndipo pagona - kukhazikitsa izo. Izi ndi zimene timaphunzira zina. Inu mukudziwa chimene lero pali mavuto mphamvu makampani magetsi a Russia, ndi zomwe mwasankha njira kuwathetsa.

Owonjezera m'badwo magetsi mphamvu

Russian magetsi makampani liri mu chikhalidwe bwino kusiyana ndi zaka khumi zapitazo, kotero ife tikhoza bwinobwino kuti patsogolo ndi. Komabe, pa Forum mphamvu posachedwapa zinali mavuto chachikulu cha makampani mu dziko. Ndipo oyamba - zotsala m'badwo magetsi mphamvu, omwe chifukwa cha unyinji wa mphamvu otsika zomera mphamvu yomanga ku Soviet Union m'malo yo manga ochepa zomera mkulu mphamvu. Onse okwerera awa ayenera kukhala, kotero awiri kuchokera pa zimenezi. The choyamba - ndi mphamvu linanena bungwe la ntchito. njirayi adzakhala wangwiro ngati si kwa ndalama yaikulu ntchito choterocho. Choncho, Russia zikuoneka kuti muyenda motsogozedwa wa linanena bungwe chachiwiri, ndicho kuwonjezeka mowa.

inatha M'MALO

Pambuyo oyamba a malo kumadzulo makampani Russian akudziwa kwambiri anamva kudalira awo pa katundu yachilendo - ichi inalili gawo la magetsi, kumene pafupifupi palibe muzochitika yamakono ya ntchito ndondomeko yonse ya ulimi wa magudumu ena kutenga malo mwapadera mu gawo la Chitaganya cha Russia. Choncho, boma akufuna kuonjezera mphamvu kupanga m'njira yoyenera, kulamulira malo awo ndi kuyesa ngati kuli kotheka kuti tichotse kudalira pa katundu.

mpweya wabwino

vuto ndi kuti masiku ano makampani Russian kugwira ntchito mu gawo la magetsi ali kwambiri kwambiri zodetsa mpweya. Komabe, Utumiki wa Environment la Chitaganya cha Russia kulimbikitsa malamulo ndipo anayamba kusonkhanitsa ndalama chifukwa chophwanya. Mwatsoka, makampani amene akudwala kuti mulibe kukonza kuyesera konza kupangidwa - zamitengo magulu onse kuti aphwanye "wobiriwira" moti amafunika malamulo mavuto.

mabiliyoni ngongole

Pakali pano, ngongole okwana amazigwiritsa ntchito magetsi kudutsa Russia ndi biliyoni 460 Russian rubles. Kumene, ngati dziko anali pa kutaya ndalama zonse zimene iye mangawa, iye akanakhala ndi zambiri mofulumira kuposa magetsi. Choncho, boma akufuna toughen zilango kwa akuchedwa kupereka ngongole magetsi, ndipo ndiyitana iwo amene samafuna kulipira ngongole m'tsogolo, kukhazikitsa awo mapanelo mwini dzuwa ndi kupereka mphamvu yokha paokha.

msika malamulo

The vuto lalikulu la makampani zoweta mphamvu - msika uli wonse adjustability. M'mayiko European, lamulo la msika mphamvu ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu kwina, kumene mpikisano kwenikweni, kotero makampani kusiyana mofulumira. malamulo onsewa ndi lamulo kwambiri udzalepheretsa chitukuko ndi chifukwa cha la Russia kale anayamba kugula magetsi ku Finland, komwe msika kukuchitika mulibe malamulo oletsa. The njira yokhayo vutoli - kusintha kwa msika chitsanzo ufulu ndi kukana kwathunthu kwa malamulowo.