Makhalidwe yaikulu purosesa kompyuta

Mawu akuti "kompyuta chipangizo" tsopano kudziwika kwa aliyense wa sukulu. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa ngakhale maola angapezeke zinthu makompyuta. mphamvu ya kuchita masamu operekedwa ndi tchipisi wapadera ndi digiri yapamwamba ya kuphatikiza transistors - mapurosesa. Main makhalidwe a microprocessor (CPU), makamaka kudziwa liwiro la unathandiza. Ndicho chifukwa eni makompyuta n'kofunika kwambiri kumvetsa nkhani imeneyi.

Lero tiona kodi makhalidwe waukulu purosesa ndi amavomereza kusankha chitsanzo mulingo woyenera zawo. Mawu akuti "deta" ikuphatikizapo mbali mkati ndi kunja zaphindu kukhazikitsa. Makhalidwe waukulu purosesa ndi - ndi koposa zonse, muyezo wake; chiwerengero cha zinthu constituent; liwiro la ntchito ndi zina zotero.

Mawu akuti "pang'ono", limatanthawuza kuti ndi kuchuluka kwa mfundo zimene angathe kukonzedwa pa mkombero (ntchito limodzi). Bayinare manambala amatchedwa pang'ono. 8 Akamva amapanga mamvekedwe wina. Modern CPUs angakambe ku Akamva 32 mpaka 64. Mitundu Special wa mapurosesa akhoza yodziwika ndi manambala wina (4, 128 neri Al.). Tsopano makompyuta ochuluka ntchito kompyuta 64-bit.

Kusankha CPU, nthawi zonse muyenera kuganizira waukulu makhalidwe a purosesa lapansi. Aliyense mwini kompyuta amadziwa kuti ntchito ya dongosolo lonse makamaka anatsimikiza mtima koloko liwiro microprocessor lapansi. Pa msika mungapeze zitsanzo umene zosiyana kwa wina okha pafupipafupi ntchito. The wotchi pafupipafupi njira zina zikusonyeza chiwerengero cha ntchito pulayimale kuchitika ndi IC pa wagawo nthawi (amangoona masekondi). Sankhani wotchi mwambo, ndiye kukonzedwa ndi madera zamagetsi (kuchulukitsa). Popeza tikulankhula pafupipafupi, n'zoonekeratu kuti chizindikiro ichi amayezedwa megahertz (MHz) ndi gigahertz (GHz). Motero, mavuto ena kukhala ofanana chitsanzo ndi pafupipafupi 3 GHz uli wachangu kuposera 2.5 GHz.

Main makhalidwe a purosesa si wotopa pang'ono mozama ndi pafupipafupi. Posankha CPU m'pofunika kulabadira chiwerengero cha mitima. Lingaliro la "Mipikisano pachimake," anaonekera ndi posachedwapa, monga kutsogolo kwa m'badwo wina wa owerenga. Popeza thupi zosatheka kalekale kuonjezera wotchi liwiro aliyense chitsanzo latsopano, opanga asankha kuphatikiza mu umodzi phukusi mapurosesa angapo zofanana. Ndipo panali Mipikisano pakati CPU. Zitatha izi, mwapadera kuti konza pulogalamu anayamba, kotero tsopano n'zomveka kugula okha Mipikisano pakati chitsanzo. Ndipotu, ngakhale ambiri mafoni kale ntchito mapurosesa wapawiri-pachimake.

Pa ntchito komaliza Pamlingo waukulu motengera kukula kwa posungira lapansi. Mosiyana ndi zigawo ochiritsira kukumbukira, posungira transistors mwachindunji anaika mu nyumba yomweyo monga phata la. Zimenezi zimathandiza mkulu-liwiro deta kuwombola. Pali magulu atatu a posungira: L1, L2 ndi L3 (zalembedwa mu dongosolo la kuwonjezeka kukula). Akukhulupirira kuti kuwonjezeka kwa aliyense wa iwo ndi 20% amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu liwiro ndi 50% .Naprimer, ngati kale mu L2 256KB ankaona chidwi, tsopano palibe kudabwa Mipikisano megabyte chachiwiri mlingo posungira. Kusankha CPU, ayenera ankakonda chitsanzo ndi wambirimbiri posungira kukumbukira. Onani kuti L3 si ntchito pa zitsanzo zonse (pokhalabe mkulu liwiro kuwerengetsera).

Mbali yotsatira - Mbali ya zomangamanga. Tsimikizani ndi mapulogalamu, mu mfundo za amatchedwa dzina kachidindo kwa mzere - Liano, Sandy Bridge, etc. Mwachitsanzo, m'badwo uliwonse watsopano mapurosesa a Mlengi yemweyo ali ndi liwiro apamwamba (ceteris paribus) ..