Marx, Chichewa. Mfundo nthanthi Karla Marksa ndi Fridriha Engelsa

mbiri Economic simungathe kulingalira popanda kanjedza monga Marx, Chichewa. Iwo anabweretsa athandiza kwambiri m'madera ambiri a sayansi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zopereka zawo chinali chapadera kwambiri, moti ambiri malingaliro amakono ndi machitidwe zochokera maganizo pachiyambi asayansi aakulu awa.

Karl Marx

Karl Marx anabadwa mu Germany. Iye ndi nzeru zapamwamba, Katswiri, zachuma, mtolankhani ndale ndi yogwira chithunzi anthu. Marx, Chichewa, ankadziwika kuti ubwenzi wawo ndi maganizo ofanana. Karl Marx anali mwana wachitatu loya banja achiyudawo. Mu zaka zoyambilira mnyamata anaphunzira ku sukulu ya galamala ya Friedrich-Wilhelm, ndi zaka 17, anamaliza maphunziro izo. Mu nkhani ina analemba kuti munthu yekhayo amene zabwino ena, amene amakhala lalikulu. Popeza maphunziro a sekondale, Karl chabwino, iye analembetsa pa University of Bonn ndi mavuto ayi, kenako anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa Berlin bungwe la maphunziro apamwamba. Mu 1837, Charles mobisa makolo ake chinkhoswe kwa bwenzi lake la mkulu wake - Jenny Von Westphalen, amene posakhalitsa anakhala mkazi wake. Nditamaliza maphunziro ku University ndi digiri, anasamukira ku Bonn.

Mu zaka zoyambilira ankakonda malingaliro Karl Hegel ndipo anali idealist woona. Ndipo atakula, amayamikiridwa ntchito za Hegel ponena Komabe, kuti kwambiri mystified. Carl ankafuna kukhala katswiri wa nzeru, ndipo anakonza kulemba ntchito yaluso Mkhristu, koma moyo linakana. Zochita za mfundo boma la kukakamizidwa Marx kukhala mtolankhani. Ntchito udindo uwu anasonyeza mnyamata, iye anali ofooka kwambiri mu chuma ndale. chochitika chimamulimbikitsa kugwira mwakhama nyamulani kuphunzira nkhani imeneyi.

Tsoka zina za Karla Marksa wakhala kugwirizana ndi mayiko ena, boma anayesa kuti achite mbali yawo. Ngakhale zinthu zonsezi, iye anapitiriza kugwira ntchito mwakhama, zinali zosangalatsa kwa iye. Iye analemba ntchito yake, osati aliyense kufalitsa. thandizo lalikulu ndi thandizo anakhala kusonkhana Friedrich Chichewa iye.

Chichewa

Wafilosofi German, m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa waukulu Marxism, Friedrich anabadwa mu wopanga banja nsalu. Iye anali ndi abale ndi alongo eyiti, koma iye anali kukonda kwambiri kokha kwa mchemwali wake wa Mariya. The mnyamata ku sukulu kwa zaka 14, ndipo kenako anapitiriza maphunziro ake pa masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi. Anaumirira kwa atate wake iye anayenera kusiya sukulu ndi kuyamba kugwira ntchito m'munda wa malonda. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, mnyamata bwinobwino udachita mtolankhani. anafunikiranso kudzipereka chaka chimodzi miyoyo yawo kutumikira mu Berlin. Zinali kamphepo kayaziyazi, chifukwa mnyamatayo pitani nkhani yake chidwi nzeru. Pambuyo Chichewa ntchito ku London, mu fakitare ya bambo ake. Mbali imeneyi ya moyo chinali chifukwa chakuti mnyamatayo anali kwambiri zinapatsira ndi moyo antchito.

Kuwonjezera ntchito ambiri ndi Karl Marksom Fridrih analemba mabuku angapo, amene anasonyeza chiphunzitso cha Marxism: "Dialectics ya Nature" ndi "Anti-Dühring".

Woyamba ntchito olowa

Ubwenzi ndi co-ntchito Marx ndi Chichewa anayamba pang'onopang'ono koma inatenga moyo. Anatha kulenga zosiyanasiyana mapepala apamwamba, amene lero sanataye kufunika kwake. Komanso akuti asayansi ntchito mwakhama muzochitika zambiri cikhalidwe.

Woyamba ambiri amavutika anzake awiri kudali nkhani "Banja Woyera". Mmenemo, ena awiri zikulumikizana ophiphiritsa nadzawasankhula ndi dzulo lake edinomyshlennikami- Young Hegelians. The chachiwiri olowa ntchito anali "German mfundo". Mu izo, asayansi anayang'ana pa mbiri ya Germany pa mfundo chuma cha view. Kwa kumapeputsa Mwatsoka, ntchito chimenechi mwa mawonekedwe pamanja. Inali nthawi ya kulemba izi ndi ntchito zina, asayansi anazindikira kuti ali okonzeka kuti akonze chiphunzitso chatsopano - Marxism.

Marxism

Ziphunzitso za Marx ndi Chichewa wobadwa zoyambirira 40 ntchentche za m'ma XIX. Zimayambitsa malingaliro awa anali zingapo: ndi zimasonyeza kayendedwe ntchito, ndi kutsutsa nzeru za Hegel a, amene ankaoneka wangwiro kwambiri, ndi kutulukira zinthu zatsopano sayansi zosiyanasiyana chidziwitso. Marx, Chichewa anasolola mfundo zawo ndi maganizo a English chuma ndale, chakale German nzeru, French sosholisimu, utopianism. Komanso, sayenera kuchepetsa ntchito ya kutulukiridwa sayansi zimene zinachitika pa nthawi yomweyo: atulukira selo, lamulo la kusamala mphamvu, chiphunzitso zinachokera Charles Darwin. Mwachibadwa, ndi mbali ambiri yogwira Marxism anali Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Chichewa, koma analilenga kuganizira mfundo atsopano onse yake, kutenga yekha nzeru zabwino ndi yake ndi m'mbuyomu.

"The Manifesto Communist"

Ntchito imeneyi inali pachimake, komwe malingaliro a Marx ndi Chichewa anapeza anasonyeza ambiri ochititsa chidwi. Mpukutu akulongosola zolinga amaika zimene amagwiritsa ntchito ndi mavuto zomwe likusautsabe Gulu Communist. Olemba ntchito kuti mbiri yonse ya nthawi zakale zinachokera pa kalasi kulimba kwa anthu. Komanso, asayansi ananena poyera kuti bizinesi adzafa pa manja a proletariat, amene adziwukira chilungamo, kulenga popanda makalasi ndi magulu.

A gawo lalikulu la bukhu khama kutsutsa popenyana ndi zoyerekeza-sayansi ziphunzitso kunja kulungamitsidwa weniweni. Komanso, ife kutsutsa "akhakula" Chikomyunizimu amene, popanda kulowerera mu akamanena za maganizo, monga kufalitsa lingaliro la chuma payekha. Komanso, Marx ndi Chichewa kutsindika mfundo yakuti Party Communist osaika yekha pamwamba pa ena, koma angathe kuthandizanso gulu lililonse ukuperekedwa dongosolo ndale komanso alipo.

Karl Marx, "Capital"

"Capital" - ndi ntchito yaikulu Karla Marksa, zimene zimasonyeza zoyipa za bizinesi ndipo amazitsutsa chuma ndale. Ntchito imeneyi inalembedwa ntchito dialectical zakuthupi njira, amene anali mwakuchita Marx ndi Chichewa patsogolo.

Ntchito yake, Marx mwatsatanetsatane kuti bizinesi adzatha. Iye anafotokoza zifukwa zimene zimachititsa kuti imfa ya dzikoli. Wasayansi anavomereza kuti bizinesi ndi mwapang'onopang'ono, izo kumapangitsa chitukuko cha mphamvu zipatso. Komanso, chitukuko ichi ndi zambiri mofulumira kuposa ndi pansi bizinesi, kuti ndi zachilendo mitundu ina ya gulu la ulimi. Komabe, ananena kuti kukula Zimapezeka ndi kowopsa kulandidwa zachilengedwe, komanso kudzera masuku pamutu wa chachikulu zipatso mphamvu - anthu ogwira ntchito. Iye ananena kuti bizinesi kumabweretsa chitukuko m'goli nthambi zonse, wachedwa m'mafakitale ambiri.

Komanso, bizinesi kumatsutsana ndi ubwenzi anamanga pa chuma payekha. ntchito munthu likupitirirabe De minimis. Ndipotu, kupanga bizinesi kumafuna kuganizira mabizinezi akuluakulu. Choncho, proletariat kukukhala wamba amadalira mphamvu, ogwira ntchito, zimene sangachitire mwina koma kugwirizana mfundo za abwana ake. Zinthu amapanga munthu mu galimoto, ponena kukhala voracious chimphona nyama - bizinesi.

Karl Marx, "Capital" womwe wakhala mwadala zamwano pa nthawi pakati mphamvu zochuluka pa maganizo anthu ambiri amene anakhala otsatira ake.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu

Friedrich Chichewa, amene analemba mabuku mukopedwe maganizo a Marx, olengedwa molumikizana ndi chiphunzitso ambiri lotsiriza, molingana ndi zomwe anthu ayenera kukhala molingana ndi malamulo ena. dziko ili si malo lingaliro la bizinesi. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za ntchito nzeru zaumunthu akhoza anakonza motere:

• lingaliro la dziko kuti sayenera kusonyeza, monga amachitira anthu, koma kuzisintha;
• kutsindika pa ntchito zothandiza monga mphamvu galimoto;
• lingaliro limene wokhalapo Mzimuyo chikumbumtima ;
• zamalumikizidwe proletariat ndi nzeru ngati zinthu wowonjezera;
• lingaliro la kupatuka chuma munthu;
• achangu lingaliro la chiwonongeko chosintha a dongosolo capitalist.

chuma

Marx, Chichewa anakonza chiphunzitso cha chuma dialectical, amene amanena kuti nkhani yaikulu ndi pokhapokha chikumbumtima kutero. Komanso, asayansi anapeza atatu malamulo a dialectics: mgwirizano ndi kulimba kwa zotsutsana, kusintha kwa kachulukidwe ndi Mkhalidwe kusintha, ndi negation wa negation.

Asayansi komanso kuti dziko ndi odziwika bwino, ndi muyeso wa knowability ake anatsimikiza mtima mlingo wa moyo chikhalidwe ndi kupanga. Mfundo za chitukuko lagona mu kulimba kwa adani ndi maganizo, chifukwa cha muli choonadi. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kugwirizana nzeru ndi dziko lamkati la munthu, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi boma likuyendetsera - pa ena. The chuma cha Marx, Chichewa anagwira ndipo akupitiriza amathandiza kwambiri asayansi amakono. Kuphunzira ntchito za asayansi awa ndi chiyenera ku mayunivesite ambiri, chifukwa kumvetsa mbiri ndi chuma cha m'ma otsiriza popanda malingaliro a Marx ndi Chichewa sizingatheke.

zotsatira

Mwachidule, iwo ayenera kuti chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi Chichewa sanangoganiza ulamuliro wa proletariat ndi, cholinga chachikulu, izo zimayenera kukhala yekha siteji Transitional. Lingaliro lenileni linali ndi wosamasula mawonekedwe aliwonse yokumba wa mwamuna. Marxism wadutsa kutali chitukuko. Zimathandiza kuti akumana ndi kutanthauzira mbiri ndi chuma zochitika zambiri ngakhale masiku ano. Choncho, ubwino wa mfundo za Marx ndi Chichewa ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu.