Pantheism - ndi nzeru kuti? Concept ndi oimira pantheism. Pantheism Kubadwa Kwatsopano

"Pantheism" - amenewa mu pomasulira ku zikhulupiriro ndi Greek "Mulungu onse." Dongosolo chikhulupiriro, amene amakhala converge, ngakhale chizindikiritso cha malingaliro a "Mulungu" ndi "chikhalidwe". Choncho mulungu akuimira zina chabe chiyambi, izo chili mwa onse, ndi limodzi m'chamoyo.

Akamanena za pantheism

Popeza pantheism chimagwirizanitsa Mulungu mankhwala, ndipo dziko ndi chilengedwe, pali zofunikira kuti malumikizanidwe makhalidwe malo amodzi a umulungu, monga osawerengeka, muyaya, wosasinthika, ndi zoyendayenda, ndi osakhalitsa zonse za dziko la chilengedwe. Mu nzeru zapamwamba wakale Parmenides Mulungu ndi dziko lapansi sangathe anapatukana, ndi mulungu malo amodzi mu mawonekedwe a mtundu wachilendo, ndi zinthu zonse zamoyo (ngati wosatha cyclical). Koma pantheism mu nzeru za Hegel anapatsa mulungu kawirikawiri luso uncharacteristic kusuntha ndi kukhala, kuthetsa kutsutsana chachikulu pakati pa Mulungu ndi moyo. Othandiza immanent pantheism amakonda kuona Mulungu monga mtundu wa malamulo apamwamba, mphamvu yosatha ndi wosasintha amene amalamulira dziko. mzere wa ganizo anayamba Heraclitus, otsatira a Stoicism, kotero mawu ambiri, anali pantheism Spinoza a. Monga mbali ya nzeru Neo-Plato adanyamuka emanation ngati pantheism, malinga ndi chikhalidwe ndi emanation zichokera kwa Mulungu. Emanation pantheism mu nzeru ya Ages Middle si zotsutsana ndi chiphunzitso ofala zamulungu, koma zinali kusuntha Kuzindikira. Mtundu uwu wa pantheism Tingaone mu zolemba Davida Dinanskogo ndi Eriugena.

mayendedwe pantheism

Mu mbiri ya nzeru , mbali ziwiri pali kuphatikiza zonse za chiphunzitsocho pantheistic:

1. pantheism chilengedwe, anapereka ntchito za Asitoiki, Bruno, Spinoza gawo, deifies chikhalidwe, zamoyo zonse. Iwo amakhala ndi mfundo monga malingaliro wopandamalire ndi moyo wa dziko. Zotsatira amamuchititsa chuma, kuchepetsa cha mfundo yaumulungu mokomera zachilengedwe.

2. lachinsinsi pantheism yapangidwa ziphunzitso za Eckhart, Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, Malebranche, Boehme, Paracelsus. Kudziwa mbali iyi pali lachindunji kuposa akuti "panentheism" - "zonse Mulungu", monga nzeru ena a kukuchititsa zimenezi si kaŵirikaŵiri kuti Mulungu m'chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe Mulungu. Nature - mlingo wosiyana kuli Mulungu (cholinga chomwe).

Pali zitsanzo zambiri za kusakaniza mitundu onse a pantheism mwa ziphunzitso za woganiza.

nkhani

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti "pantheism" (kapena tinene kuti "pantheist") ntchito Dzhon Toland, English zakuthupi nzeru zapamwamba kunja zaka XVII-XVIII. Koma mizu kupita pantheistic worldview mu machitidwe achipembedzo akale ndi nzeru za anthu. Choncho, Chihindu ndi Brahmanism mu wakale India Vedanta Chitao ku China wakale anali bwino pantheistic m'chilengedwe.

Ancient achipembedzo komanso cha nzeru za malemba, onyamula lingaliro la pantheism ndi wakale Indian otchedwa Vedas ndi Upanishads. Pakuti Ahindu, Brahman - yopanda malire, zonse chabe chilli kuti inakhala maziko a moyo zonse m'chilengedwe chonse, chirichonse chimene chinaliko kapena udzakhalapo. Malemba a Upanishads zonse pakuonetsa Maganizo a mgwirizano pakati Brahman ndi dziko.

Ancient Chinese Chitao - kwambiri pantheistic chiphunzitso, maziko amene akufotokozedwa ntchito "Tao Te Ching" lolembedwa ndi theka-lodziwika bwino tchire Lao Tzu. Pakuti Taoists palibe mulungu mlengi, kapena anthropomorphic umunthu, mfundo yaumulungu ndi chabe, ndi mofananira kuti mfundo njira pali zinthu zonse ndi zochitika.

zizolowezi Pantheistic alipo mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana zipembedzo mitundu ina yambiri ya Africa, zapiringizana ndi yambiri ndi animism. Chizorowasita ndi Chibuda ena panteistichny otaya mu chirengedwe.

Mu zaka 14-15 mu Ulaya, pantheism wakhala pansi. Ziphunzitso za akatswiri a zachipembedzo Mkhristu John Scotus Erigena, Meister Eckhart ndi Nikolaya Kuzanskogo anali naye pafupi kwambiri, koma poyera pothandizira worldview zimenezi kokha Dzhordano Bruno. Komanso kufalikira ku Europe pantheism malingaliro angaipeze ntchito za Spinoza.

M'zaka za m'ma 18 mchikakamizo cha ulamuliro wake wa amaganiza wake pantheistic inabuka mwa nzeru ena Western. Kale m'zaka za m'ma 19 la pantheism ananenedwa ngati chipembedzo cha m'tsogolo. M'zaka za m'ma 20 dzikoli akunyalanyaza ndi malingaliro a chi Fascism ndi chikominisi.

Pantheism chiyambi nthanthi wakale

Pantheism - izi ndi nzeru za kale kwambiri, mbali yaikulu ya nzeru zonse za dziko, chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Iye ayambirira ziphunzitso za aphunzitsi chisanadze Socratic nyengo - Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander ndi Heraclitus. Kwa Agiriki a chipembedzo pa nthawi komabe anali ndi khalidwe la yambiri wodzipereka. Choncho oyambirira yakale yoyendera pantheism - kukhulupirira ngati zamoyo umulungu chibadidwe zinthu zake zonse, zamoyo ndi zochitika zachilengedwe.

Pachimake anafika nzeru pantheistic mu chiphunzitso cha Asitoiki. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso malo awo ndi thupi limodzi la moto. Asitoiki pantheism chikutionetsera ndi chimagwirizanitsa zamoyo zonse, ndi anthu makamaka, ndi chilengedwe cha. Last - ndi Mulungu ndi boma la padziko lonse. Choncho, pantheism ndi Kuyanjana pakathi choyambirira cha anthu onse.

Pa Roma, nzeru za pantheism ambiri chifukwa cha malo otchuka a sukulu ya Asitoiki ndi Neoplatonists.

Ages Middle

Middle Ages - ulamuliro wa zipembedzo zitatuzi, amene yodziwika imalongosola Mulungu monga umunthu wamphamvu, woyang'anira mwamuna ndi pa dziko. Panthawi imeneyi, pantheism analimbikira emanation chiphunzitso cha nzeru Neo-Plato, amene ankaimira kukondera ndi chipembedzo. Koyamba pantheism monga pakati zakuthupi akuwonetseredwa mu Davida Dinanskogo. Iye anati malingaliro a munthu, Mulungu ndi dziko zakuthupi - chinthu chomwecho.

magulu ambiri Mkhristu anazindikira mwa nduna mipatuko Church ndi mlandu, zinkangokhala pantheism (mwachitsanzo amalrikane m'zaka XIII.).

kubadwanso

Mosiyana ndi zamulungu akale, Kubadwa Kwatsopano anzeru anatembenukira kwa cholowa akale ndi nzeru achilengedwe, ndi kusamala kwambiri ndi sayansi, ndi kumvetsa zinsinsi za chikhalidwe. Kufanana ndi kuyang'ana zosowa zakale ali okha zochepa kuzindikira kukhulupirika ndi makanema ojambula a dziko, thambo, koma njira zimasiyana kuphunzira. Sakhulupilira maganizo rationalist wa masiku amakedzana (makamaka zakuthambo Aristotle) ndipo anachita malingaliro ndi matsenga chidziwitso zamatsenga zachilengedwe imodzi chiyambi ouziridwa. A chopereka chachikulu munda anapangidwa ndi German alchemist, sing'anga ndi wambwebwe Paracelsus, amagwiritsa Ndimatsenga kupanikizika Archaean (moyo) chikhalidwe.

Kuti Kubadwa Kwatsopano pantheism mmene mfundo zambiri nthanthi ya nthawi, anali ndi malo osonkhaniranapo pakati pa mopambanitsa nzeru zachilengedwe ndi zamulungu.

Kumasulira pantheism pa ziphunzitso Nikolaya Kuzanskogo

Imodzi mwa oimira yowala kwambiri pantheism Early Kubadwa Kwatsopano anali wotchuka German nzeru zapamwamba Nikolay Kuzansky. Iye anakhalapo zaka za m'ma 15. (1401-1464 zaka). M'masiku amenewo ndinalandira maphunziro olimba ndipo anakhala wansembe. Iye anali ndi mphatso, chaperekedwa kwa Mpingo ndi ankagwira ntchito yapamwamba, kukhala mu 1448 kadinala. Chimodzi mwa zolinga zikuluzikulu za moyo wake unali kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa Chikatolika. Pamodzi ndi mbali mwakhama mu moyo wa Mpingo wa ku Europe Cusa Nthawi zambiri zolembedwa aumunthu. malingaliro ake yogwirizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Ages Middle. Koma pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo komanso anapeza kukhulupirika limodzi la organic gululi zonse ndi chitukuko cha dziko, choncho umulungu wake mwachibadwa. Iye anasiyanitsa kudzidalira chidziwitso cha Ages Middle za Mulungu ndi dziko chiphunzitso cha "anaphunzira umbuli," lingaliro zoyambirira amene anali kuti palibe asayansi lapansi sangathe kumvetsa ukulu Mulungu ndi osawerengeka.

The nzeru za Giordano Bruno

Woganiza ndi ndakatulo, wotsatira wa Cusa ndi Copernicus, m'ma 16 Italy nzeru zapamwamba Giordano Bruno anali pantheist weniweni. zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi ankakhulupirira wauzimu, kuvekedwa ndi mphamvu ya khalidwe la Mulungu. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso chake, Mulungu amapezeka m'madera onse a dziko mosachotsera - akulu ndi zing'onozing'ono zosaoneka. Zonse zachilengedwe ndi munthu - ndi kwathunthu zamoyo.

Pofuna kulenga kulungamitsidwa maganizo chiphunzitso Copernican, iye anaika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha kukhalapo kwa zolengedwa angapo ndi chilengedwe, zomwe ziribe malire.

Pantheism Dzhordano Bruno, Mumaganiza ku Italy m'zaka XVI, anadzakhala mfundo tingachipeze powerenga za Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Pantheism chiphunzitso nthanthi ya Spinoza

Spinoza a nthanthi cholowa - ndi mfundo yowala kwambiri pantheism, analenga nthawi yatsopano. anagwiritsa ntchito zojambula njira, monga iye amatchedwa kuti azipereka masomphenya ake a dziko. Iwo motsogozedwa iye kulenga ntchito lofunika "Ethics" anadzipereka ku metaphysics nzeru zaumunthu, chikhalidwe, mulungu, munthu. Chigawo osiyana amalimbana kwambiri maganizo a anthu, maganizo, makhalidwe ndi nkhani zokhudza chikumbumtima. wolemba limafotokoza pa magazini iliyonse mu ndondomeko mtima okhwima pambuyo - axiom, ndiye - theorems ndi zitsimikizo awo.

Pakati pa chiphunzitso cha Spinoza - lingaliro la chizindikiro zachilengedwe ndi chinthu Mulungu. Kutsogoza wa Mulungu, ndi udindo wake kutsogolera mu chithunzi chonse cha khalidwe dziko la nzeru za makono. Koma Spinoza pambuyo Descartes kuteteza kuganiza kuti kuli (pokhala) a Mulungu kufotokoza. Kutengera pa mfundo za kuloŵedwa m'malo ake, wawonjezera kwambiri chiphunzitso chake: Spinoza anakana choyambirira kuperekedwa, ndi zolemba kuli Mulungu. Koma umboni wa zimenezi chifukwa cha mfundo zotsatirazi:

- mu dziko la nambala wopandamalire zinthu odziwika bwino;

- maganizo sitingathe kuzimvetsa ndi choonadi wopandamalire;

- kudziwa n'zosatheka popanda alowererepo wa asilikali kunja - mphamvu ndi Mulungu.

Motero, nzeru za Spinoza amapezeka pawiri wosatha (Mulungu) ndi womaliza (anthu, zachilengedwe), yotsirizira kukhala yokha zikutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa woyamba. Ngakhale kuti kuli Mulungu akhoza siziwoneka payekhapayekha mu malingaliro a munthu - Chilombocho kwa Mulungu yekha. Izi owonetseredwa pantheism wa Spinoza. The kuli Mulungu limodzi ndi dziko, n'zosatheka popanda izo. Komanso, Mulungu zokhudzana ndi dziko, ndi chibadidwe onse maonekedwe ake. Iye alinso chifukwa kuli onse amoyo ndi zopanda moyo padziko ndi chifukwa linakhalapo mwini. Zotsatirazi mosavuta mwambo nzeru zaumunthu, Spinoza watero Mulungu ali wopandamalire mwamtheradi chinthu anapatsidwa zosiyanasiyana katundu zomwe muyaya ndi osawerengeka.

Ngati anthu ena a pantheism alimbane dualistic view a dziko, pamene pali mitengo iwiri - Mulungu ndi chirengedwe, Spinoza m'malo deifies dziko. Mtundu uwu wa kugwirizana kwa akale acikunja mipatuko. Wildlife mu chitukuko wosatha cyclical ndipo pali mulungu kubereka yokha. The uMulungu si chinachake osiyana, delimited ndi dziko zinthu M'malo mwake, ndi immanent, chibadidwe zamoyo zonse. Anthropomorphic, mwakukonda tokovanie Mulungu analandira zipembedzo zambiri, ndi mlendo mwamtheradi Spinoza. Choncho, nzeru zachilengedwe ndi pantheism ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano anasonyeza yake wonse chiphunzitso limodzi.

Momwe zinthu zikusinthira

Choncho pantheism - izi ndi nzeru za kuganiza chimene Mulungu ndi chikhalidwe pafupi limodzi (kapena kuphatikiza), ndi chinyezimiro cha Mulungu alipo mu zamoyo zonse. Iye ali mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena alipo mu ziphunzitso akatswiri osiyanasiyana kuyambira kale, inafalitsidwa chitukuko chachikulu mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi masiku ano, koma sunaiwalike ndipo kenako. Kwa anthu anzeru za m'ma XIX, mawu akuti "pantheism" sanali anachronism. Motero, chipembedzo zikuyenela dongosolo chikhulupiriro L. N. Tolstogo nkhope yake kuoneka bwino.

Mu pakati pa XIX m'ma pantheism izo imafalira kotero ambiri kuti nakokera chidwi cha mpingo ndi boma. Papa Pius IX m'mawu ake analankhula za pantheism monga "cholakwa chofunika kwambiri masiku ano."

Masiku ano a pantheism - nzeru ndi chipembedzo ndi chinthu chofunika ziphunzitso zambiri, monga Wachiwiri-achikunja Gaia kungoganizira. Iye akadali amalimbikira m'njira Theosophy, kupanga mtundu wa njira kwa chikhalidwe zipembedzo zitatuzi. M'zaka lotsiriza la m'ma pantheism - mtima ndi zina maganizo nsanja osunga. Iwo Pantheists makamaka lobbied zokhudza kuwonjezeka kuzindikira chilengedwe, yokhudza chilengedwe tcheru anthu ndi nkhani TV. Ngati pantheism amaona makamaka ngati gawo la achikunja view dziko, mu masiku athu, olimbikitsa maganizo amenewa akuyesetsa kulenga maonekedwe osadalira pa chipembedzo zochokera kulambira umulungu wochokera zinyama. Chotero tanthauzo la pantheism mu nyimbo ndi mavuto enieni kugwirizana ndi mofulumira mofulumira zomera ndi nyama mitundu yambiri ngakhale m'chilengedwe lonse.

khama gulu la mbali ya pantheism zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe mu 1975 "konsekonse pantheist anthu," ndipo mu 1999 - "World pantheistic kayendedwe" ndi maziko olimba a nkhani pa Internet ndi chifaniziro mu Intaneti zonse chikhalidwe.

Official Vatican akupitiriza methodological kuukira m'munsi mwa pantheism, ngakhale yotsirizira si njira ina Catholic Chikhristu.

Pantheism - maganizo mu malingaliro ambiri masiku ano, kutanthauza maganizo amazindikira ndi mosamala kwambiri biosphere a Dziko Lapansi, ndipo palibe chipembedzo mu gawo lonse la Mau.