Mitundu mfundo: nzeru kwa onse

Nthaŵi zonse takumana ndi malamulo maganizo tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma, mwatsoka, kuphunzira sayansi kuti athe pochitika pa zochitachita ochepa ku mayunivesite.

Pali osiyana mitundu mfundo, mfundo zomwe zikuoneka kuyambira kale. Imayamba ndi "Organon" a Aristotle (ili ndi dzina mwambo wa tractates sikisi maganizo akufuna Andronnik Rhodes - wofalitsa nchito za nzeru zapamwamba za).

Kenako anasintha maganizo Aristotelian ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano nzeru zapamwamba Frensis Bekon, mmodzi wa oyamba wazotsatira nthawi yake. Wafilosofi anapatsa buku lake lotchedwa "New Organon". Poganizira Aristotle, anachita ndi kukayikira, popeza kuti ntchito ya sayansi - kumanga njira yatsopano ya chidziwitso ndi zopindulitsa anthu onse. Bacon anatsutsa mfundo akale kuti, maganizo ake, akupanga chisokonezo mu dongosolo ambiri zokhudza maganizo. Iye anaika pamwamba zinachitikira onse ndi njira inductive.

Tikumbukenso kuti mfundo m'zaka za m'ma 20, anayamba makamaka intensively, kukhala probabilistic, masamu, yeniyeni ndi coherent dongosolo. Koma mpaka pano, yokhala zomveka malamulo ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu methodological kwa sayansi onse.

mfundo ofunda

Ndi malamulo ake ali ndi mitundu mfundo. Nzeru dera anamanga yopatulika imene ndi unyolo "Lingaliro - chiweruzo (kapena mawu) -. Kumasulira" Losavuta, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi mfundo ofunika. Musanayambe kumanga mfundo ndi kupanga mapeto ofotokoza (deduction), muyenera kukhala ndi mfundo phunziro, kuti amvetsetse zinthu ndi ofunika. Izi zosonyeza zithunzi nzeru kwenikweni, womanga kwambiri maganizo a kulenga. Kulankhula zizindikiro, ndi m'maganizo wonena za kusiyana kapena kufanana. Chizindikiro cha zochita katundu chotero, chomwe chiri chibadidwe okha nkhani imeneyi.

Concept - ichi chinyezimiro akanakhalapo mu mawonekedwe a anthu onse (kapena kugwirizana) ndi makhalidwe kwambiri kwa chinthu wamba.

Poganizira mitundu mfundo za mfundo zitsanzo za zimene kuyang'ana zophweka kwambiri. Popereka mawu "mphaka", ife tikuganiza akonzedwa mwachindunji mbali: zikhadabu ubweya, ndevu, muyawo, kugwira mbewa. zosonkhanitsira umenewu paokha lingaliro osiyana, kotero ife tikhoza kunena kuti maganizo "mphaka" zovuta. Pamafunikanso mfundo zina, kale tatchulazi.

Mitundu mfundo

mfundo ziri motere:

1. akaundula (limayankha funso "mtundu wanji wa munthu?" "Pamene?", "Kuti?"). Zitsanzo mfundo izi: "Anthu amene amakhala lero mu Ivanovo," "Madagascar", "Fyodor Dostoevsky". Nawonso, anawagawa munthu (amene akuimira yeniyeni nkhani - "Dzhek London") ndi ambiri ( "wolemba", "State").

2. simungathe kudziwa ( "Mau" "nyama", "munthu"). Iwo amakhala otsimikiza qualitatively yekha ndi wosatha kuchuluka m'gulu mfundo izi zikanabweretsa zinthu zambiri sangathe kuwerengedwa. Izi mitundu mfundo za mfundo zina ukugawa lotseguka komanso (sangathe kuona) ndi chatsekedwa (kujambula).

3. The sanali kanthu ndi kanthu pa maziko a kugwilizana kapena chosatsatira malamulo ndi mfundo yeniyeni chirichonse mu dziko lenileni.

4. umboni ndi konkire. Woyamba ndi mfundo za ubwenzi kapena katundu wa chinthu ( "ulemu", "ulemu", "mtima"), pamene yotsirizira kunena nkhani yeniyeni ( "positi", "njuchi").

5. Wachisoni (akulankhula za pakalibe katundu wa nkhani zenizeni, monga "osati munthu", "mphaka") ndi zabwino ( "mphaka", "anthu").

6. correlative ndi chirichonse. Izi mitundu mfundo maganizo amadziwika monga osadalira pa wina ndi mzake ndi palokha. Kuti, mwachitsanzo, maganizo "mphesa" ndi "mapazi" palibe njira yozungulira pa wina ndi mzake, chifukwa iwo tinganene kuti zonse.

Pomaliza

Ofunda mfundo ali ndi zolephera zingapo amene wapezeka mazana angapo anzeru kwambiri odziwa. Chifukwa mfundo ano, ngakhale kugwilizana ndi mfundo za ofunda, koma osiyana dongosolo wake wangwiro kwambiri lomaliza. Komanso, sayansi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuwerengetsera masamu. Koma mitundu ya matanthauzo a mfundo sasiya kufunika kwake lero. Choncho, munthu aliyense akuganiza ayenera kungokhala timudziwe bwino kapangidwe ka mawu monga 'lingaliro.