Kuti anatulukira loyamba: kandulo kapena galasi? History kwa kufufuza mwaukatswiri

Kuti tiyankhe funso limene kupangidwa pamaso - kandulo kapena galasi, choyamba muoneni mbiri ya kandulo, ndiyeno Khoma. Fanizirani. Tiyeni kuyamba kuyenda pansi pa madzi mu zochitika za chilengedwe makandulo.

kuviika-kandulo

Anthu ntchito makandulo monga gwero kuwala pafupifupi 5000 zaka. Ngakhale zofunika pa moyo wathu, kuti molondola kuyankha funso liti kandulo kupangidwa, palibe amene angathe. Pali maganizo kuti kandulo woyamba anatulukira ku Iguputo pafupifupi zaka 3000 BC. Kumene, iwo amaoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi chosiyana kuchokera lero. makandulo Aigupto anapangidwa kuchokera udzu pachimake, mabango anatumikira muuni amene poyamba anali ankawaviika mafuta a nyama. Official kutchulidwa kwa zinthu zimenezi kuwala amatanthauza m'ma chakhumi BC. Ndiye iwo anali kuoneka chingwe anaikidwa chidebe anadzazidwa ndi yankho flammable. History of kandulo Aroma akale anayamba chidwi kwambiri. Iwo anapotoza ndi ndiye choviikidwa mu njira ya amtunduwu mafuta. Chifukwa chakuti mbali imodzi ya vuto anakhalabe pa chingwe, iye uziyaka. makandulo awa anali kutchedwa akusunsa, kuwagwiritsa ntchito nyumba yokutidwa ndi maofesi achipembedzo, iwo anatengedwa panjira. makandulo Ponseponse ali mwa cheapness ndi kupezeka kwa mafuta, chifukwa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amanena kuti mitundu ina anapanga makandulo ochokera njira improvised, kuphatikizapo tizilombo kapena zomera. China wapanga makandulo ochokera zopotoka mu chubu cha pepala wandiweyani, anali chingwe pepala mpunga, phula wosakaniza mbewu tizilombo. Japanese sera kandulo chopangidwa kuchokera mitengo mtedza.

makandulo Taper

Kodi kandulo ano? Mbiri ya kulenga limasimba za m'ma XV. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo makandulo akhala choviikidwa. inventor, amene anabadwa mu France, anatulukira makandulo tapered, phula imeneyi udzathiridwa mu nkhungu zatsirizidwa kale. Pamenepo mafuta a nyama m'malo ndi phula, iye kusuta zochepa, wautali zopsereza ndi kumanunkha bwino. Komabe, mtengo wa makandulo awa anali apamwamba kwambiri, chifukwa iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito kokha mu mpingo ndi mu manyumba a apamwamba.

njira ina yopanga makandulo

akazi American adzipangira yaing'ono koma yofunika anapeza akamagwira kuwira yaitali ena amayaka Berry sera bwino ndi zabwino kwambiri fungo. Komabe, popeza njira kandulo kupanga yolemetsa ndi nthawi wonyeketsa, si ankagwiritsa ntchito.

M'zaka za m'ma XVIII anali chitukuko cha mafakitale whaling, chifukwa chimene makandulo awonjezera ndi gawo lapansi latsopano - spermaceti. mankhwala wochuluka anali analandira kuchokera pamwamba pa mutu wa linunda umuna. makandulo latsopano anali thicker ndi ena okonda yomwe inawathandiza kuti kusungunula m'nthawi Yotenthayi.

Mbiri ya zoyambitsidwa zimene zinapangitsa bizinesi kandulo

XIX m'ma kunasintha kwa kupanga makandulo. Mu 1820, ndi sayansi ku France Mishel Shevrol allocated asidi stearic kwa mafuta a nyama. Ndiye anadza makandulo stearin, amene anali olimba, zovuta ndi oyera woyaka. makandulo awa ali otchuka lero Europe.

Kwambiri mbiri zawo ndi dzina la Dzhozefa Morgana. Iye anapanga chipangizo limene makandulo zooneka akhoza kupangidwa mosalekeza. Chifukwa yamphamvu avundulidwe Pistone njira imeneyi pa makina awo angatenge kwa kandulo, pambuyo chisanu.

Mu 1850, tikhoza olekanitsidwa mwachibadwa zikuchitika mankhwala mafuta ndi chitakonzedwa izo. Choncho, kupanga makandulo anayamba ntchito paraffin. mankhwala Watenthedwa mopanda kuwononga zachilengedwe ndi bwino, anali mtengo kuposa combustibles ena, vuto la mfundo otsika limatsogolera anaganiza pambuyo paraffin Chinawonjezeka mu asidi olimba stearin.

Mu 1879, Thomas Edison anatulukira incandescent nyali, kenako makandulo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zolinga zokongoletsa.

makandulo zamakono

Makandulo anali m'miyoyo yathu lero monga chinthu zokongoletsa, monga mbali yofunika ya kulenga chikhalidwe chikondi kapena kusinkhasinkha, ngakhale monga zabwino ndi wokongola kachikumbutso. makandulo onunkhira, zokongola, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, kuzungulira ndi lalikulu - zonsezi alipo lero aliyense.

Kuyambira mu 1990, kutchuka makandulo ikukula kachiwiri, tinayamba kuyang'ana kwa mitundu yatsopano ya phula kuti makandulo: mafuta kanjedza, soya wolemera ndi ena.

galasi

Kodi galasi, lomwe ambiri, n'kosavuta. Galasi - chinthu amorphous. zace olimba akhoza akamagwira yozizira aloyi lapansi. A zambiri zinthu otizinga la galasi, popanda moyo wathu zingakhale omasuka. Kodi anthu ankakonda kuchita popanda kalirole, Khoma mazenera, mabotolo wokongola galasi, kaso ndi mbale kuwala? Kodi inu munayamba mwaganizapo pamene anatulukira galasi? Nkhaniyi itithandiza yesani kuyankha osati pa nkhani imeneyi, tidzakhalanso kuyerekeza ndi kutanthauzira zimene anatulukira pamaso - kandulo kapena galasi.

History of galasi

An kungoganizira chidwi anali akufuna kwambiri wakale nzeru zapamwamba Greek ndi mbiri Pliny Wamkulu. Iye analemba ntchito lakuti "Natural History" mu BC atumwi. History of galasi likutchedwa monga nthano kapena nthano ya amalinyero akale.

amalonda Foinike naye ku Africa zotumiza koloko zachilengedwe m'mphepete mwa nyanja kum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Paulendo umenewu, iwo anamugwira namondwe wamkulu, chifukwa chombo kukabisala doko yapafupi. Anaganiza dikirani nyengo bwino pa gombe. Apaulendo anayatsa moto, anaganiza kuphika chakudya. Iwo anali kufunafuna kuti mukhoza cauldron chachikulu, koma pa nyanja munalibe kanthu ndi oyenera sanapeze chilichonse. Ndiye amalinyero anabweretsa sitima midadada yaikulu ya koloko, amene Choncho anafika kwa cholinga ichi. M'mawa, amalinyero pa malo a moto ndi zidutswa za chuma chosadziwika. Choncho, kuchokera chisakanizo cha phulusa ndi mchenga pansi mkulu kutentha anapanga galasi. History of Anatulukira zambiri zachilendo kwambiri. The owerenga, ndithudi, munthu wolemekezeka kwambiri, Baibulo ndi chidwi, koma ndi zoona?

Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, tinaganiza onani buku la Pliny. Mwatsoka, kuyesera analephera. Kunapezeka kuti moto kutentha sikokwanira kuti kusungunula galasi. Chotero pamene anatulukira galasi? N'zoonekeratu kuti analengedwa mu malo osiyana ndi anthu ena.

Galasi Ancient Egypt

Funso limene kupangidwa pamaso kandulo kapena galasi, udakalipo, koma asayansi amakhulupirira kuti anthu atulukira awa a Aigupto akale. chakuti manda a ku Iguputo Farao mankhwala oyamba galasi, amene zaka unali pafupifupi zaka mozungulira 9,000 zaka anapezeka. Akukhulupirira kuti galasi kupangidwa mwangozi pamene osakaniza mchenga ndi phulusa unagwa pa mbiya yaiwisi pamaso kuwombera. Mwina mankhwala linali losavuta ndipo sanafunikire mwapadera, ndipo Komanso bwino yonyowa dongo si kophweka. Pambuyo kuwomba, izo anapanga woonda wosanjikiza galasi, ndi chifukwa chisamaliro mbuye akhoza mungazindikire. Iye akanakhoza kokha mapeto zolondola. zaka 5000 zapitazo mu Egypt kale zodzikongoletsera galasi, mbale akuda, ndi zaka 3000 zapitazo, kale anaonekera mabotolo galasi kusunga mafuta akununkhira. Galasi choyamba, olengedwa mwa munthu, anali enaake kapena bluish chifukwa mchenga anali zosafunika.

Venetian galasi

Koma ngati kukhala moona si munthu anatulukira galasi, wapanga chirengedwe, pamene analandira kuchokera mamiliyoni chiphalaphala red-hot wa zaka zapitazo. Choncho, tingayankhe funso limene kupangidwa pamaso - galasi kapena kandulo. Popeza galasi anaonekera yekha, mamilioni a zaka zapitazo, izo zinali m'gulu la moyo wa munthu kale kwambiri kuposa makandulo. Galasi choyamba, munthu anapeza osati chimaonekera ndipo bwinobwino, pafupifupi wakuda. Njirayi imatchedwa obsidian. Ndiye, ndithudi, anthu aphunzira kuti galasi yokha.

Mu I m'ma BC, anthu kale anayamba discolor galasi pogwiritsa manganese. Kupanga glassware ntchito machubu yapadera yomwe zokula kutali. Lathyathyathya mawonekedwe womwewo analandira zambiri mtsogolo. Woyamba mandala lathyathyathya galasi opezeka Pompeii pa zafukulidwa ndi. M'zaka za m'ma XIII, iwo kale kudziwika mu Europe. Popeza kuti nthawi yopanga Venice galasi ambiri. anabweretsa zitsanzo latsopano kum'maŵa ku Constantinople. Pang'onopang'ono Venice anaphunzira kuti galasi ngati ndipo ngakhale bwino chilungamo ake chifukwa Kuwonjezera kutsogolera aloyi lapansi.

glassmakers onse mbuye anali kwambiri kukhala nawo, iwo analoledwa kuchoka mumzinda, ndipo poyesa kuthawa anali kuwopsezedwa kuti awapha. Ndiye, pofuna kupewa Kuwulura zinsinsi malonda, anaganiza kusamutsa masitolo onse pa Murano Island, umene uli pafupi Venice. Glassware ku Murano ndi wapamwambatu ofunika pa nthawi. Tsopano mbale angathe kuona zinthu zochititsa chidwi zosiyanasiyana. Glassblowers opangidwa yosatheka kuneneka Miphika kukongola, zipanda, decanters ndi zodzikongoletsera zabwino. Masiku amenewo, galasi zinthu zinkatiyendera item mwanaalirenji.

Ntchito magalasi

Ndiye anthu anatulukira mapaziwo apangidwa ❖ kuyanika. Choncho panali galasi. Galasi ngakhale ntchito zomangamanga, nthawi zambiri ndi ntchito za akachisi ake anamanga. Mipikisano akuda papezeka-galasi mazenera ndipo tsopano zimakongoletsa ambiri a iwo. Chifukwa cha luso la mitundu ina ya galasi kuti refract kuwala kuwala, mandala kupanga wayamba, omwe anakhala zothandiza sayansi. Biology, mankhwala a zakuthambo - onse ankafunikira galasi ndi magalasi.

Anayambitsa pamaso - kandulo kapena galasi?

Ndiko kulondola, tsopano misty ndi zachinsinsi mbiri ya zikamera ndi kukula kwa ulimi wa galasi pofuna kufotokozera zathandiza kuti funsolo. Inde galasi anakaonekera makandulo, koma tsiku lenileni ndi onse kutsegula sakudziwika mpaka pano. Ngakhale oyamikira chifukwa cha zinthu zothandiza wopita kwa Aigupto akale.