Mbiri vinyo: chiyambi cha chakumwa akale

Palibe chakumwa ena mbiri ya anthu sanazichite kutsutsana kwambiri ndi mikangano. malo ambiri ndi anthu ndipo akadali kumenyera Championship ndi amadzinenera kuti iwo anatulukira ntchito thovu mphesa madzi, ndi amene samadzinenera mutu, ganizirani: chokha, mwachitsanzo, akhoza kutulutsa chakumwa chenicheni malamulo onse! Mbiri ya vinyo kuposa Zakachikwi wina. Asayansi, amafufuza zamakezana ndi oenologists (ofufuza kuphunzira vinyo), mwa njira, sangathebe yankho zobweretsa funso miyambo: "Ndani kumene, pamene" Koma, malinga ndi kafukufuku, zaka 10 000 zapitazo anthu ankadziwa zimene mphesa chikhalidwe (kapena Vitis Vinifera). Ndipo m'masiku amenewo ndi zosangalatsa kudya zipatso ndi kumwa madzi kuchokera mu izo. Pa zafukulidwa ndi asayansi yotengedwa shards wa amphorae dongo mwina ndi zotsala za vinyo, ndi woyamba mbiri zopelekedwa vinyo - Zojambula ndi malemba, umboni wa kumwa - kunayamba 4 Zakachikwi BC.

Kumene, n'zovuta motsimikiza, pamene anthu anayamba massively zimawononga thovu madzi. Kodi zikutanthauzanji mawu akuti "vinyo"? Izi - kumwa ndi otsika / pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa mowa umene anapanga mowa nayonso mphamvu ya mphesa (ayenera madzi), kapena zamkati. Malinga ndi kaundula chi mbiri, viticulture ndi distilleries wakomweko ngakhale mu nthawi amakezana, pa chiyambi cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Siriya ndi Caucasus, Mesopotamia ndi Iguputo ufumu mpesa anaonekera kwa zaka 7000 zapitazo. Iwo anadziwika kale ndiye zosefera ndi kuphika njira zosiyana. Chitsimikizo cha mfundo ndi zokumbidwa pansi: Iguputo anatsalira-ziboliboli, ndi mapale a zilembo, Mesopotamiya m'mbale, komanso ena zina. Ngakhale ndiye anthu amadziwa kuphika ndi kumwa vinyo.

prehistory Igupto

Egypt anakhala mmodzi wa mayiko woyamba Mediterranean, kumene anthu anayamba kukulitsa mphesa. Apa vinyo opangidwa zedi ang'ono ndi ntchito chakumwa Mulungu makamaka pa zifukwa zachipembedzo, chifukwa cha zikondwerero ndi miyambo. Onani kuti vinyo wakhala ankaloledwa owerengeka olemekezeka ndi ansembe.

Agiriki akale

Pafupifupi zaka 3000 zapitazo mu Greece, vinyo chikhalidwe anali unakhazikitsidwa kale. History of Wine anayamba kuno ku Krete ndi Cyprus, ku Samo ndipo Lesbos - Kumwa a m'madera amenewa anali wofunika kwambiri kwambiri. Greece anali mu zinthu mulingo woyenera nyengo, ndi chifukwa mipesa Greek ndi tanthauzo tinganene kuti pakati pa zimene tingathe kuti tichite vinyo. History kale pa nthawi otchulidwa pa mitundu oposa 100 chakumwa wa mitundu 150 mipesa.

Features wa ndiye kupanga

Chifukwa cha nayonso mphamvu ya vinyo (achinyamata) imagwera mkati mwachilungamo lalikulu muli m'chipinda chapansi, omwe fumigated sulfure (ndondomeko miyezi sikisi ndipo zina zambiri). vinyo wokoma analandira yimitsira a nayonso mphamvu, yosungirako kenako mu kuzizira. Wine zambiri anaumirira zoumba lapansi. Izi zakumwa akungoyendayenda pang'onopang'ono, zaka zisanu kenaka, masewera a vinyo otayika amphora, anali atapereka ndi zolemba: Limati dera kupanga nthawi yokolola, pamaso pa zina, mtundu. Ambiri yaitali kukhwima mitundu yabwino ya vinyo. M'chipinda chapansi nayonso mphamvu anali okonzeka mogwirizana.

Diyonisiyo ndi udindo wake

Malinga ndi Agiriki, luso deta wogwidwa Dionisiyo, mulungu, zomwe anamucha mwini ntchito vinyo. Mu nthano za wina wakale dzina la Mulungu anali Bakasi (mu Baibulo Latin - Bakasi), ndipo iye akutchedwa wansangala kwambiri. Mu Roma, iye ayenera kulamulira kumwa madzi thovu. Bakasi (Bakasi) odzipereka chisembwere (chikondwerero wapadera). A udindo wa Mulungu padziko lapansi ankaimba toastmaster ndi woperekera chikho.

nthano Greek

Kuyambira nthawi zakale za anthu kwambiri chinkhoswe mu viticulture. Malinga ndi nthano wina Greek, mpesa anapeza Estafilos m'busa. Akuti iye anauyamba kupeza nkhosa yotayikayo. Ndiyeno, iye anali kuona kuti akadya masamba mphesa. Estafilos anaganiza kusonkhanitsa mpesa ochepa a osadziwika pa nthawi zipatso, kubweretsa oinos zipatso, mbuye wake. Oinos cholizira madzi kuchokera mphesa. Ndipo ine ndikuzindikira kuti nthawi kumwa anayamba onunkhira: kunapezeka vinyo. Mbiri ya zotsimikizira ambiri, tisaiwale, ndi yosiyanasiyana.

zosakaniza zina

Malinga ndi sayansi ya Agiriki akale anawonjezera thereto: mchere ndi phulusa, gypsum, woyera dongo, mafuta ndi paini mtedza, amondi ndi wolapa mbewu fennel, timbewu tonunkhira, ndi thyme, sinamoni ndi uchi. The zosakaniza kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito wakale Baibulo Greek, tsopano mayesero a nthawi: lero akupitiriza ntchito apange vinyo. Khalidwe nthawizina wake dalila iwo mwachindunji.

Wine ku Greece, monga maphunziro, ali okhutira mkulu wa alcohols, zili shuga, Tingafinye okhutira. Mwachitsanzo, chakumwa yopangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa, koma ndi zina yophika mipesa madzi kapena uchi analandira zokhutala. Ndi vinyo ndi kuswana madzi mchitidwe ukapezeka osati kuchokera kufuna kuchepetsa zotsatira zake chakumwa, komanso chifukwa cha ndende kwambiri za chakumwa monga vinyo amene mbiri amabwerera kalekale.

Skorusa m'chipinda chapansi ndi miyambo

Awa anali kosungira wotchuka akale. Apa munali amphorae oposa 300 sauzande, amene ankadziwika ndi ndiye vinyo kukhalamo mlingo, ndipo panali 200 mitundu. Agiriki akale, monga Aroma, nthawi zonse ankakonda mdima vinyo wofiira. Wophatikizidwa kumakonda kawiri patsiku (osachepera) chakudya ndi kadzutsa. Zakumwa ya kumwa limodzi miyambo. Poyamba, onse anamwa vinyo popanda diluting iwo, polemekeza mulungu Diyonisiyo, ndipo pambuyo kukhetsa madontho ochepa pansi, monga chizindikiro cha kudzipereka kumwa mulungu wokondedwa. Ndiye kudyetsedwa zimaphala - mbale si lalikulu kwambiri, ndi amangomvera awiri. Izi ware vinyo wosanganiza ndi madzi ozizira pa chitsime (mu kufanana osiyanasiyana). Kumwa anali limodzi ndi kucheza ndi alendo nyimbo ndi ndakatulo, kusangalala ndi ntchito ya ovina. Malinga ndi malamulo alipo ndiye muyenera kumwa thanzi la anthu onse amene analipo, yamikani milungu (ena kuposa Diyonisiyo), kukumbukira zikusowa pa phwando. Nthawi zina mwadongosolo komanso mpikisano ndiye zakumwa zambiri. Ife kumwa zakumwa ochepa madzi ofiira oimira yaikulu ya kugonana wamphamvu. Ndipo akazi ambiri kawirikawiri anavomereza ku gome.

mbiri Roma

Nkhani ya bwino ya vinyo anapitiriza Roma. Waukulu mpesa kupanga ndi kulima njira madzi ndi Aroma, ndithudi, anaitenga ku Ahelene. M'masiku amenewo kwambiri kuchuluka kuŵeta, ndi nyengo lachifumu kale m'madera onse a ufumuwo ambiri vinyo. Nthawi imeneyi, kwambiri amtengo vinyo wa Chios (ku chilumba cha Chios mu Nyanja Aegean) ndi Falernian ku Italy (Falerno).

amisiri Roma wakhala ndasintha mayendedwe distilleries, makina akuwukha / nayonso mphamvu ya vinyo dzuwa wakhala akupangidwa ndi zambiri wodekha shutter mankhwala amphora mphika. Mwachitsanzo, mu zolemba za Horace ngakhale kutchulidwa kwa chakumwa 60 wazaka, mu Pliny Wamkulu ananena za vinyo 2 zaka kukhudzana. Easy kukhulupirira, chifukwa onse panopa amphamvu vinyo (Sherry, Sauternes) atadziŵa zaka 100 zitha kusintha. nzika za Roma kumwa flavored vinyo ndipo anawagwiritsa ntchito kuphika.

Ancient wolowa vinyo

Mu Aroma malonda nyengo zoledzeretsa kumwa mwayi Italy. Izo sizinali mpaka bola ngati chitsanzo salola ndi kotunga malire vinyo ndi kulima mpesa. Chitaliyana katundu aloŵa ngodya zonse za dziko, kufika ngakhale Mwachitsanzo, India, Scandinavia, madera Asilavo. Aselote, ndi njira, akhoza kugulitsa kapolo mu amphora yamawonekedwe vinyo zaka zimenezo. Ndipo pamwambazi ayesedwa kapolo anyantchoche amene amatha kutulutsa choledzeretsa, ndipo iwo ananena mawu a atumiki bwino za kudzinenera ena.

Wine (vinyo kupanga, monga tanenera kale, anafika pa nthawi ya kufanana kwambiri) unaŵanyeketsa nthawi kuti ndithu wambirimbiri pa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi kafukufuku mbiri, aliyense kapolo analandira tsiku osachepera 600 Botolo wotsika ndi zosavuta chakumwa (chopangidwa kuchokera bagasse). Kumwa Ambuye limodzi ndi miyambo ina amene anali ofanana Greek wakale. Koma kumwa vinyo Rome analola amuna okha amene afika zaka 30 zakubadwa.

Gallium ndi zina

Choyamba mpesa kunja kwa Italy anayamba kutuluka ku Gau (6-7 m'ma BC), koma, malinga ndi ofufuza za, mipesa woyamba anabzala kumeneko pongofuna chakudya. Koma posakhalitsa, ku Gau (zana la 1) chakumwa ayamba ndithu kutchuka lonse: izo zinayamba kubala lalikulu zedi. Yopangidwa winemaking osati kuchokera Gauls. Pamodzi ndi mitundu kunja kwa Rome, ambiri m'madera European mutengeko ndi mphesa zam'tchire. Mwachitsanzo, mu mchigwa cha Danube ndi Rhine, Rhone, ndi malo ena. M'zaka za m'ma 5 ndi ovuta kupanga njira imodzi kapena wina, anaphunzira zinthu zambiri Kumwera ndi Europe Central.

Ziri kulankhula, malire dera winemaking ndi kupanga vinyo - mlingo wa 49 wa kumpoto kumpoto mzere, conventionally ikuchitika m'kamwa wa Loire (France) ku North Caucasus ndi madera a Crimea ano. Onse ambiri m'madera vinyo kukula, zomwe zili kumpoto akuwonjezeka izi khama m'dera wachikale ntchito kalavulagaga pa kusankha. Tikumbukenso kuti pa Crimea chilumba akadali Antica atsamunda ku Greece nakulitsa mpesa, koma chikhalidwe chake Patapita pafupifupi inawonongedwa ndi Asilamu.

mbiri Persian

Aperisiya alinso nthano zake za chiyambi cha vinyo. Tsiku lina mfumu Jamshid, kupumula pansi pa mthunzi wa hema, kuonera maphunziro a oponya mivi awo, oponya mivi amatengeka ndi zinthu zikuchitika chapatali. Mbalame mwachilungamo lalikulu kugunda pakamwa njoka a. Jamshid yomweyo malamulo mivi: kupha chokwawa yomweyo. Mmodzi wa akatemera anali wokhoza kupha njoka, kamodzi pa mutu. Mbalameyo anathawa pakamwa njoka, iye anaulukira kwa mkulu wa Perisiya ndipo wataya mbewu za mlomo wake. A iwo ndi kupeza zitsamba nthambi zofunika kwambiri zipatso ndi zipatso. Jamshid ndithu ankakonda madzi kuchokera zipatso izi, koma pamene iye anabweretsa pang'ono thovu madzi, anayamba akwiye ndipo analamula chakumwa kubisala. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndi wina mdzakazi wokongola wa mfumu anayamba kuvutika kumva ululu kwa mutu, koma iwo ankafuna imfa. Iye agumana chidebe anakana ndi madzi ndi thovu ndi kumwa njira yonse mpaka pansi. Nthawi yomweyo kapolo anagwa insensible, koma osati akufa koma akugona. Rute A mmwamba, akhale kapolo kachiwiri, wokongola, wathanzi, mokondwera mzimu. Pa nkhani iyi, ndi kuchiritsa proznal Jamshid. Ndiyeno iye anaganiza kuchita kulengeza madzi izi wowawasa zipatso zokoma za mankhwala.

The Ages mdima

Mu nthawi akale, kufalikira kwa vinyo anali ntchito pa zifukwa zingapo: kulimbitsa udindo wa Chikhristu ndi chitukuko yogwira navigation.

Komanso, atsogoleri osati kwathunthu kulimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito vinyo kuti miyambo, komanso kukhala njira zimathandiza kuti kuŵeta ake ndi kumwa. Ndipo lero chikuzika mitundu pachikhalidwe opangidwa m'malo.

Ndipo chifukwa cha chitukuko cha mayiko apanyanja, kumene vinyo amapangidwa, akhoza kukhazikitsa limasonyeza malonda yoyenera ndi anansi pafupi ndi maiko ena. Kufalitsidwa ndi kutsatira maganizo olakwika vinyo anadza kwa anthu Chichaina, ndi Chijapani pa zombo zimenezi, koma zoona, zakumwa izi wakhala apo pamaso, monga kawirikawiri oletsedwa olamulira.

Mogwirizana ndi chitukuko katundu mu UK zitsulo kufunika sheri ndi Madeira - British anayamba kumwa vinyo, ngati madzi. Mu Middle Ages palibe amene anamva tiyi, ndipo anatumikira pa chilichonse chakudya ndi vinyo. dziko wakhala anagonjetsa mwa iwo kale.

Udindo wa Chikhristu

Mu chitukuko cha vinyo kupanga zatenganso mbali yaikulu mu chiyanjo cha mpingo European wachikhristu womwe analimbikitsa yopanga vinyo. Mu Middle Ages, viticulture anathandiza mwachangu ambiri malamulo achipembedzo. Tsiku lililonse mmonke amayenera kumwa magalamu 300, komanso ndi kuwonjezeka mu mphatso imeneyi palibe amene adapachikidwa. Choyamba ntchito popanga migolo nkhuni, amene anatulukira ndi Gauls. Ndi kukulitsa luso odziwika: vinyo udzathiridwa mu mbiya, pali anali, ndipo iwo chimodzimodzi natengedwa. luso European kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kukhala pafupi ndi chikhalidwe zamakono za ulimi.

Mbiri ya vinyo mu Russia

Malinga ndi zikalata zofunikira, akukhulupirira kuti makampani vinyo mu Russia unapangidwa bungwe mu 1613-m. Kenako mu Astrakhan pa malo obisika obzalidwa mbande choyamba cha mpesa, kubweretsedwa ndi amalonda. Mphesa umapulumuka mwangwiro. Mu chaka chomwecho, ndi dongosolo la Tsar Mikhail Romanov anaika "ya mfumu bwalo m'munda."

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, mu mamita 1640, Angelezi ku Astrakhan anaitanidwa zochokera kunja nyakulima Yakobo Boatman banja. Iye anaphunzitsa mfundo bwino za luso la winegrowers m'dera kukhala ndi gulu ndipo pochita bwino dongosolo ulimi m'malo Chigiri ntchito ulimi wothirira ndi makina oyendera mphepo. Chaka ndi chaka, ndondomeko kupanga panopa, ndi kale mu 1657-mamita ku Astrakhan, mtanda woyamba wa mankhwala vinyo anatumizidwa ku gome la mfumu.

Mwa njira, ngakhale kuti m'madera ena a Russia distilleries anaonekera zaka zambiri (Dagestan dera, dera pambuyo pake kwa mtsinje Don), mu Russia ali kale woyanjidwa mead, mowa phala. Industrial yopanga zakumwa anayamba yekha pansi Peter Wamkulu - Tsar kulemekezedwa umisiri yachilendo, powapatsa iwo kudutsa dziko. Ndipo ine ndimafuna kuti chakumwa monga vinyo, Mlengi anali yake.

Mu Soviet Union, yaikulu minda winegrowing zinalengedwa pa dera la RSFSR lapansi. Ndipo mu 1928, izo kupangidwa ndi mtundu otchuka "Soviet shampeni", limene linatuluka pa zomera Abrau-Durso (mu 1936 - kudutsa Soviet Union).

Mbiri ya shampeni

Panalinso zochitika zimene zinayamba pambuyo amakhotetsa. Kuti mudziwe mbiri ya vinyo, monga Shampeni vinyo ndi osiyana - kuwala ndi wothwanima - zokwanira "rewind" zitatu ndi theka zaka. Monga dzina zikusonyeza, zikuoneka mu France, m'chigawo chachikulu yopanga vinyo wothwanima wayamba Shampeni - m'chigawo French. Mwamtheradi tochoy tsiku lobadwa vesicular vinyo mwamwambo ankaona TH 1668, pamene Godino, Abbe-kunsonga kwa Reims Cathedral, limafotokoza mpingo m'buku lakuti "kumwa ndi kuwala wachikuda, zimakhala zoyera, mipweya olemera." Pambuyo angapo zaka dziko wakhala weniweni Boom wothwanima. Shampeni ku France ndi yogwira pa, amene amalola kusintha kupanga ndi kusintha sayansi.

Ndipo mwa njira, zikuoneka kuti wothwanima anaonekera mwangozi. Winokur amakedzana nayenso kudziwika makhalidwe ena vinyo kuti thovu, kasupe kachiwiri kuyamba kupesa, ndipo muli anapanga mpweya. katundu awa mwamwambo ankaona mbali zotsatira za vinyo, ndi sanakupatseni iwo zofunika kwambiri. M'malo mwake, ngakhale ndimaganiza chifukwa si apamwamba ntchito distillers. Koma mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 17, zinthu zinasintha. Ndi vinyo wa abbeys ndi French, yafala kwambiri. A luso ndi ndalama winemakers, monga "ufumu Perignon" ndi "nkhonya" khazikitsani ndi kusintha luso yopanga kuti wothwanima vinyo.