Mbiri ya Brazil: mfundo chidwi ndi zochitika kiyi

Mbiri ya Brazil ndi chidwi kwambiri kumunda kufufuza. Mu South America ili yaikulu kwa zaka zambiri, zosiyanasiyana chikhalidwe losanganikirana. Choncho, chidwi ndi zonse zosiyanasiyana mfundo mbiri ya Brazil. Mwachidule za izo ayankhidwa takambiranazi.

Brazil asanatulukire ndi azungu

Mbiri ya Brazil pamaso kutsegula kwa azungu ake anaphunzira si wabwino monga ife tikanakhala ankakonda. Dziko lokhalamo anthu ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana Indian: kuwawa, maphwando guazhazhara, Mundurucu, Tupi, etc. Iwo kwenikweni anali wosazindikira woyendayendawu ndi theka-woyendayendawu chuma .. Ngakhale panali mbewu ulimi Mwachitsanzo, pa Marajó Island.

Ndipo si a mafuko Indian la Brazil mu nthawi chisanadze atsamunda si ngakhale pafupi mlingo wa chilengedwe cha boma lawo.

Kufika kwa Ulaya mu Brazil

Ukasintha anasintha mbiri ya Brazil, pambuyo kutsegula kwa European ake. Choyamba anatsegula dziko ku Old World ulendo Chipwitikizi Pedro Alvares Cabral, anafika ku gombe la Brazil masiku ano 1500. Mbali zimenezi Cabral wotchedwa Earth Vera Cruz (oona Cross), koma zaka zingapo patapita anadzatchedwa Dziko la Santa Cruz (Woyera Cross). Kenako muli dzina "Brazil", malinga ndi dzina la mmodzi wa mitengo yomwe inakula pano. Komanso, anatulukira m'mayiko ena zachokera pa linga kakang'ono - Fort Seger, omwe anamasuliridwa ngati malo achitetezo.

Mlendo izi Brazil anafika zina zambiri Maulendo European. Nthawi zambiri dziko lino adayamba kukaona Chipwitikizi, kumvetsa zimene chuma nyamayi ndi kuti akhoza kubweretsa Chipwitikizi korona. Komanso, mayiko amenewa anali kuonedwa ndi gulu Chipwitikizi cha dziko mu 1494 pakati Portugal ndi Spain.

atsamunda Brazil

Koma osamukawo kotheratu ku Portugal kuti Brazil anayamba kukhala yekha mu 1530. San Vicente anakhazikitsidwa (1532) ndi Salvador (1549). Yotsirizira anakhala likulu la njuchi.

Brazil posachedwapa phata la ulimi wa nzimbe. Timakulitsa mbewu izi, makamaka lalikulu zedi kunja kwa akapolo wakuda African.

Mu zoyambirira za XVII m'ma Chipwitikizi okhala Brazil, anali kumenya nkhondo yovuta ndi Dutch, amene ankanena kuti mbali madera awa. Komanso, njuchi Chipwitikizi chikuwonjezeka m'gawo lake kumtunda.

ufumu

Pambuyo asilikali a French Mfumu Napoleon litatenga dera la Portugal, Apwitikizi Korol Zhuan VI atawoloka ndi bwalo ake Brazil, kumene adasandutsa nyumba yake mu Rio de Janeiro. Kodi Brazil, iye sanapite stepi ino - silikudziwika, koma chinthu chimodzi momveka bwino: chinali chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano ya mbiri yake, zinatha kwa mzinda.

Tikumbukenso kuti ngakhale pambuyo Napoleon anasankhidwa João VI sanafune kubwerera ku Brazil kuti Lisbon. Iye anatero kokha 1821, wapanikizidwa Chipwitikizi mabwalo lolemera. Mu Brazil, iye anasiya mwana wake Pedro mu udindo wa Viceroy lapansi. Koma pamene yamalamulo Chipwitikizi anayesa kwathunthu kuwononga kudziyimira pawokha wa ku Brazil, Pedro anakana kugonjera ndipo analengeza yekha mfumu. Kuyambira akuyamba mbiri kuwerengetsa a boma Brazil.

Pamene 1826 bambo Chipwitikizi Korol Zhuan VI ya ku Brazil Mfumu Pedro ine ndinafa, mwana anakana mfumu ya Portugal, ndipo anasiya mpando wachifumu wa dziko kwa mwana wake wamkazi wamng'ono. Koma posakhalitsa, m'bale wake Miguel anagonjetsa mphwanga. Choncho Pedro Ine antchito wachifumu Brazil mokomera mwana wake wakhanda Pedro II, ndipo iye anapita ku Portugal kupempha kutenga udindo.

Pansi pa Mfumu Pedro II la Brazil anakhala mphamvu amphamvu ndipo amatha kuwauza zinthu zawo pa dziko lapansi. Pa Ufumu panali reorientation wa specialization mafakitale dziko ndi kulima nzimbe mu kulima khofi. Ukapolo ochuluka anangolemba maziko mpaka potsiriza inaletsedwa mu 1888.

kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic ndi

Komabe, ngakhale kuti kupambana boma, mbiri ya Brazil posakhalitsa zinasinthiratu. Dziko ochuluka chikukula mphamvu Republican. Mu 1889, Mfumu Pedro II unachotsedwa ku chiwembu magazi. Brazil wodzilamula feduro.

Zapakati pa 1889 ndi 1930 amatchedwa Old Republic. Mu nthawi ino mu dziko panali mndandanda wa zipolowe, makamaka anapanduka Navy (1893-1894 gg.) Ndipo canudos chiwembu (1896-1897 gg.). Pa First World nkhondo, Brazil mwalamulo anachita kumbali ya Entente, koma ndi thandizo lenileni kochepa.

Nthawi ya olamulira

Mu 1930, The Republic Old wakhala pafupifupi inathetsedwa chifukwa cha zokhumba anabwera zopangira mphamvu yandale lotsogoleredwa ndi Getulio Vargas. Poyamba, gulu Vargas anatengera mndandanda wa malamulo mwapang'onopang'ono, kuphatikizapo Constituion, komanso akazi anapatsidwa ufulu kuvota. Koma boma posakhalitsa anakhala reactionary ndi lopondereza makhalidwe zinazake. Vargas anayamba kuchita magulu otsutsa, ndipo mu 1937 anatchedwa boma la mwadzidzidzi, kusungunuka kwa Congress ndipo anakhazikitsa de A facto mwankhanza.

Ngakhale kuti Vargas boma mu mtundu zinkafanana Nazi pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse anagwirizana odana ndi Hitler Mgwirizano ndi Brazil atuma anyankhondo kutsogolo.

Nkhondo itatha, Vargas anakakamizika kusiya. The Republic Chachiwiri unakhazikitsidwa, imene pulezidenti mtumiki chitetezo kale pansi Vargas Eurico Gaspar Dutra. Komanso, malamulo atsopano Analeredwa. Mu 1951, Vargas anayamba kulamulira, tsopano ngati pulezidenti wa Democratic Republic, koma mu 1954 m'mikhalidwe mwachinsinsi, anali kudzipha.

Pulezidenti lotsatira Zhuselinu Kubichek anasamukira likulu kuti mwapadera anamanga Mwaichi, mzinda - Brazil.

Mu 1964, chiwembu asilikali, imene tithe apamwamba a asilikali anagwira mphamvu mu dziko. Izi authoritarian ndale chinakhalapo mpaka 1985.

Mbali zamakono

Koma m'ma 80s, zinadziwika kuti iye sakanakhoza kukhala bwino Masiku ano pa nthawi yomweyo, Brazil. mbiri dziko anasintha kachiwiri mu 1985 pamene kuthamanga lankhondo la anthu anakakamizika cede mphamvu. chisankho Democratic inachitika, imene electors osankhidwa pulezidenti Tancredo de Almeida Nevis, mwamsanga anamwalira. ntchito yake anayamba kuchita wotsatila mutsogoleli José Sarney. A malamulo atsopano anavomerezedwa mu 1988.

Mu 1989, woyamba kuyambira 1960 chisankho mtundu wa pulezidenti. Apambana mwa Fernando Collor. Komabe, pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri mlandu chivundi ndi impeach iye. Chotero tsoka ndi anachitika kale mu 2016. Pulezidenti Dilma Rousseff. m'malo ake anali Michelle powerengetsera.

Panopa, Brazil ndi limodzi la mayiko pazachuma yachangu kukula mu dziko. Komanso, ali pakati yaikulu komanso ambiri m'mayiko asanu mu dziko.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Timaphunzira kukhala pa zaka Brazil. mabuku a mbiri yakale kungakhale osati zothandiza komanso zosangalatsa. Ena a iwo tidzakambirana lero.

Likulu la makono a Brasília analengedwa mu 1960 malinga ndi dongosolo la wamanga Oscar Nimeiri. Ndi umodzi mwa mizinda wamng'ono likulu mu dziko. Brazil - wachitatu likulu la Brazil , pambuyo Salvador ndi Rio de Janeiro.

The ambiri mumzinda waukulu ku Brazil ndi Sao Paulo, amene analibe udindo wa likulu.

Brazil majini ambiri masiku ano mu mzere mwamuna ndi mbadwa ya Chipwitikizi ndi akuchikazi - oimira akomweko Indian.

Mu Rio de Janeiro, chizindikiro dziko akonzedwa - Chifaniziro cha Khristu mu Brazil. Nkhani ya chipilala imeneyi 38-mita-mkulu akuyamba mu 1922. Iwo anayamba kumanga ake, ndipo nthawiyi anali chikondwerero cha centenary za ufulu wa m'dzikolo. Yomanga inatha mu 1931. Tsopano fano chimatengedwa ngati mmodzi wa masiku Asanu ndi zodabwitsa za World.