Philosophy - mawu amene anawamasulira kuchokera Greek amatanthauza "chikondi cha nzeru". chiphunzitso uwu unachokera kwa zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo ndipo wakhala wotchuka kwambiri mu Greece. Greek (ndipo kenako Chiroma) nzeru anayamba atamwa onse nthano ndi akutulukira pa nthawi ya sayansi.
Komabe, osati dziko wakale anayamba dziko lotero-dongosolo. nzeru zake m'gulu la wakale Amwenye ndi Chinese. Makamaka, Chibuda choyamba anatuluka monga chiphunzitso cha Prince Gautama ndi zambiri kenaka natenga maonekedwe a chipembedzo. Maganizo a Lao Tzu ndi Confucius tchire akadali zimakhudza maganizo a anthu a Ufumu Middle.
History of Philosophy - mwambo kuti adaphunzira mu magawo a chitukuko cha sayansi. Limati ubale pakati pa sukulu munthu wa chiphunzitso. Mbiri ya nzeru monga mwambo anatuluka mu kale anali kusanthula kukayikira maganizo a anthu anzeru akalambula. Choyamba chimalongosola zikuyenera kuchitika ntchito za Aristotle. Iye anachoka kwa mbadwa lonse maganizo panorama ndi maganizo a muno awo. Pambuyo pake, ntchito imeneyi chinkhoswe mu nzeru ena ngati amakayikira ngati Sekst Empirik, ndi Diogen Laertsky. Ntchito ndi alembi amenewa ndi zipilala kwambiri ofotokoza za nthawi, koma iwo sali mwadongosolo kapena zinayendera kuchuluka ya zochitika malongosoledwe.
Mbiri ya nzeru walandira kutsogolera zatsopano chitukuko mu Zapakati, ndipo makamaka mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano wotsatira. Poyambirira, inali ntchito ndi zolemba za Kuikiradi woyamba wa Chikhristu, kumanganso malingaliro awo. Kenako chidwi chapadera naikula mu malingaliro a anzeru akale, Plato ndi Aristotle. Popeza nzeru Middle Ages anali kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha mpingo, ndiye Aristotle ngakhale anakwezedwa udindo wa woyera mtima, ngakhale kuti iye anali wachikunja. Komabe, mu Kubadwa Kwatsopano chipembedzo kenako udindo wake. Philosophy pa nthawi imene inabuka mu wogwirizana kwambiri ndi luso. Mu kupanga maganizo humanists chogwidwa njira zokongoletsa. A nzeru otchedwa wa Age Latsopano (m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri) inachokera makamaka sayansi. Izi, makamaka, zinachititsa njira ya humanists wa Choonadi, amene ntchito kawirikawiri anawalozera kwa kutsutsa za zamulungu, ndi chipembedzo.
Pang'onopang'ono, akulangani atsopano ku mayunivesite European. Makamaka, maphunziro pa mbiriyakale ya nzeru. Komabe, iwo anali kungotengeka ndi sanapereke chofunika kuchuluka kwa nzeru. Ambiri mbiri mwadongosolo nzeru mwa chidule anatuluka cholembera nzeru zapamwamba wotchuka Hegel. Malingaliro a wasayansi ameneyu Pamlingo waukulu pa chitukuko cha mwambo wonse. Hegel ankakhulupirira kuti mbiri yonse ya nzeru ndi chinyezimiro cha ndondomeko mwadongosolo, ndipo zonse, zomwe panafika anthu anzeru kwambiri zakale ndiponso masiku ano. malingaliro ake anatola gulu latsopano la ofufuza. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, mbiri ya nzeru watenga mawonekedwe mu osiyana, chilango zonse kunachitika. Kwenikweni, ndi asayansi kupambana monga Fisher, Erdman, Zeller.
Mbiri ya makono nzeru za Western zikuphatikizapo osati systematization ntchito wakale, komanso kupeza ndi nzeru ena a Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi nthawi yathu. chilango Ichi chizathandiza kudzikundikira komanso kuteteza chidziwitso, zilipo. Kwenikweni, timagwiritsa Indian, Chinese, nzeru wakale. Komanso, lili ngati kugwirizana pakati pa mibadwo. Anzeru a m'mbuyomu, ndi ntchito zawo ali mutu wa khama nzeru, anthu amakono.