Medici mafumu: mtengo banja, mbiri, chinsinsi Mafumu, oimira wotchuka wa Medici mzera

Wotchuka Medici mafumu nthawi zambiri kugwirizana ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano Italy. Ine ndinabwera kuchokera kwa anthu olemera omwe analamulira Florence kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kulipanga kukhala chikhalidwe ndi sayansi likulu la Europe.

Origin mzera

Pali ziphunzitso zambiri za chiyambi cha mtundu uwu. A wamba m'tawuni nthano zimachitika ubwenzi Medici dokotala Karla Velikogo - woyambitsa wa Wachifulanki Ufumu. Banja lokha anali view kuti mizu kupita kumbuyo Ankhondo, amene anatumikira pa bwalo la mfumu.

M'zaka za m'ma XII, ndi Medici banja anasamukira ku Florence. achibale ankachita katapira, ndipo mwamsanga anayamba kutukuka. osunga ndalama wolemera posakhalitsa anayamba ndodo bwana wa mzindawo n'kuyamba maudindo voti mu Florence. Ilo linali banja ndi zokondweretsa Yehova. M'zaka za m'ma XII ndi osunga ndalama anayesera kuti atenge mbali mu moyo andale a mzinda, pothandizana maphwando m'deralo. Nkhondo yaikulu ya zinthu mu Florence ndiyeno anagona pakati otchuka olemera ndi osauka. Salvestra Medici anathandiza tramps, amene anakonza kupandukira apamwamba. Pamene anagonjetsedwa, ndi zachuma anachotsedwa mzinda.

Mu ukapolo, Medici mafumu silinakhalitse, koma ngakhale nthawi imeneyi lakwaniritsa bwino yodziwika katapira. nthambi banki yoyamba Venice ndi Rome anatseguka.

kukwezedwa

Mutu woyamba wa Florence Republic mu banja Medici anakhala Cosimo Old. Iye anagwiritsitsa udindo uwu kwa 1434 ndi 1464. Iye anakwanitsa kugwira ntchito, ntchito ndalama zawo, mphamvu ndi kusakhutira anthu ndi wolamulira wakale, amene anayambitsanso misonkho zimabwezera suti achabechabe nkhondo. Iwo Cosimo anakhala anayambitsa mwambo wa osokonekera zaluso ndi ena a ku Kubadwa Kwatsopano.

Medici mafumu bwinobwino padera ndalama. chakuti m'zaka XV Italy inasandulika chilikati cha chikhalidwe ndi luso Europe. Ngoziyo kwambiri Ahelene omwe akhalanso popanda dziko pambuyo adani a Constantinople ndi ku Turkey mu 1453. Ambiri a iwo anabweretsedwa ku Italy (kuphatikizapo Florence) mabuku wapadera ndi nkhani anakonza, sakudziwika kwa azungu. Izi kutero chidwi ndi mbiri yakale. Kwa izo, sukulu lonse la umunthu. zochitika zonsezi zimachokera ndi anakhudza Medici mafumu. History anakhalabe oyamikira kwa iye, ngakhale zokhota andale ambiri, amene anali ponseponse pa nthawi.

Lorenzo Zazikulu

Ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya Cosimo ku Florence anapitiriza kulamulira Medici mafumu. Lorenzo Zazikulu (mdzukulu wake) anali wotchuka kwambiri m'banja. Iye anabadwa mu 1448 ndipo anali mtsogoleri wa Republic mu 1469-m.

Pa nthawi ino, Florence panali chiwembu chifukwa cha chimene chinali m'kamwa mwa Medici mafumu. Banja Mtengo pafupifupi Nditatsegula, koma Lorenzo anaulura mapulani adani. Iye anathandiza Papa Papayu IV. Koma ngakhale uyu sanali kupulumutsa m'bale wake Lorentso Dzhuliano, amene anaphedwa ndi achiwembu.

Florence ndiye kulengeza nkhondo pa maukulu angapo wapafupi amene amapereka mwa mpando wachifumu wa Chiroma. Lorenzo anatha kutsutsa mgwirizano. Komanso anapeza angakuthandizeni mu umunthu wa mfumu French. Ndi mantha Rome, amene sanafune kuti akamenyane ndi Paris, ndi mkangano watha.

Florence - ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano Center

Medici mafumu ndi chikoka chawo pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Italy pa nthawi imeneyi kufika pachimake. Lorenzo ali zolipirira mabungwe ambiri maphunziro. Mmodzi wa iwo anali wotchuka Academy of Careggi, amene wakhala poto-European pakatikati pa sukulu ya Neo-Platonism. Florence pabwalo ganyu geniuses ngati luso monga Sandro Botticelli ndi Michelangelo. Lorenzo analinso connoisseur mabuku. Anasonkhanitsa ndi Polemeretsedwa laibulale chakechake, chimene chakhala kukopa alendo. Mutu wa Republic anamwalira mu 1492. moyo wake wowala itakula mphekesera za banja Medici. Mafumu zinsinsi gossips osangalala ndi okonda ziphunzitso chiwembu.

Mtima kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano Lorenzo chifalikire ku midzi yapafupi. Chimodzimodzi mayendedwe anayamba kukhazikika mu Venice, Rome, Naples ndi Milan. Kubadwa Kwatsopano zinkafanana heyday la Kale, motero mumapezera dzina lake.

Mapapa ndi Duke wa Tuscany

Oimira wotchuka wa Medici mafumu anakhala osati olamulira a Florence, komanso apapa. Mu 1513 iwo anaonekera Pero Medichi, amene anatenga dzina la Leo X ndi anakhalabe pa mpando wachifumu mpaka 1521. Ngakhale ansembe anali kupewa za m'dziko, iye amapereka zofuna za banja lake Florence.

Mofananamo anadutsa gulu Clement VII (1523-1534). M'dziko dzina lake anali Dzhulio Medichi. Mu banja lake kamodzinso anachotsedwa Florence. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti Papa anachita mgwirizano ndi Mfumu ya Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma Charles V la Habsburg, "amene maufumu dzuwa sanaike". Coalition anagonjetsa adani, ndi Medici anabwerera ku Florence. Komanso, iwo analandira udindo wa Duke wa Tuscany.

Olamulira a Florence nthawi imeneyi anapitiriza patronize zaluso. Pamene Cosimo I (1537-1574) inamangidwa wotchuka zomera Uffizi. Lero, amaitana mamiliyoni alendo Florence. Izo zimasunga katswiri angapo penti, mwachitsanzo, lodziwika bwino Leonardo da Vinci ( "Annunciation" ndi "pomupembedza").

Mfumukazi ya France

olamulira amphamvu a Florence tcheru maukwati a dynastic. Mwachitsanzo, akazi awiri kwa mtundu uwu kukhala akazi a mafumu French. Zinali mkazi Catherine Henry II (1547-1559) ndi mkazi Marie Henri IV (1600-1610). Woyamba wa iwo anali ngakhale regent ndi zambiri anali wamkulu andale. Catherine amadziwika ambiri mafani wa talente Aleksandra Dyumy, amene Kunena iye anali mbali yaikulu. Iye anapanga mbiri pambuyo wamagazi kuphedwa kwa St. Bartholomew ndi kuphedwa kwa Huguenots zambiri.

The French mzera wa Ekateriny Medichi kuti anafupikitsa ana ake awiri - Charles IX ndi Henry III. Malinga ndi bambo, iwo a Valois. Pambuyo iwo mphamvu mu 1589 anadza Bourbons. Komabe, n'zovuta kuderera Impact kuti onse a ku Ulaya wapereka Medici banja. Mafumu anakhala chimake cha Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi zochitika zake zokongola ndi maganizo.

Kutha kwa Florence

Ngakhale yaikulu mayiko ena, malo opatsa chidwi wakhala Medici Florence - dzina yaikulu ankalamulira ndi adzabadwira. Kutha Tuscan duchy anayamba pa Cosimo II (1609-1621). Iye anakhala ndalama zambiri pa nkhondo ndi mikangano ndi anansi. Duke ankasiyana mapulani amisala wa kukagonjetsa adani ake, kuphatikizapo Spanish korona. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anadziwika kuti akuthandizani kuti Galileo, omwe akupitiriza mwambo wa Lorenzo Zazikulu.

Pansi pa mwana wake Ferdinand II (1621-1670) panali poto-European zaka makumi atatu nkhondo pakati pa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti. Panthawi imeneyi, ndinapitiriza sakuyendetsa Florence, amene salinso amadalira Medici. Kupezeka kwa America ndi misika ena kulonjezedwa wapanga Italy dziko zigawo koposa pakati chuma Europe. utuluke Financial anali Spain, England ndi mphamvu zina atsamunda.

Mapeto a mafumu a

Pa nthawi yomweyo anafupikitsa ndipo iye Medici mafumu. nthumwi otsiriza Giovanni Gastaut (analamulira 1723-1737 gg.) Anali wodwala ndi ana. Akamwalira Duchy wa Tuscany zapita Woyera Mfumu ya Roma Francis Ine Stephen, amene Florence anayamba lotchedwa Francesco II. Choncho mzinda wa Medici kwa nthawi yaitali wadutsa kuti banja lolamulira la Habsburg.