Mikhail Bulgakov: ntchito. Mndandanda wa ntchito ndi madeti

Today ife kukuuzani inu za moyo ndi ntchito ya ndakatulo wotchuka Wolemba wina Mikhail Bulgakov, mndandanda wa zinthu zimene mudzapeza kumapeto kwa nkhani ino.

Munthu ameneyu anabadwa May 3, 1891 ku Kiev. makolo ake anali wophunzira ndi anthu anzeru. mayi wake ntchito monga mphunzitsi zamkaka, ndipo maphunziro a bambo Theological Academy anaphunzitsa pa mabungwe osiyanasiyana ophunzitsa. Kumapeto kwa 1893 anayamba kuchita ntchito ya Kyiv dera m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu, lomwe linali kufufuza m'mabuku, osati Russian kokha, komanso m'zinenero zina. Koma banja Michael anali ana asanu.

learning

Bulgakov anaphunzira Choyamba Alexander masewera olimbitsa thupi, amene anali mkulu mlingo wa maphunziro, ndipo mu 1909 analowa Kiev University sukulu zachipatala. Kenako mu 1914, First World nkhondo. Mu 1916, pambuyo maphunziro, wolemba mtsogolo ntchito ku chipatala munda ku Cherepovets ndi Kamenetz-Podolsk. Mu September chaka chomwecho iye anakumbukira kuchokera kutsogolo ndi anatumiza kupita kuchipatala kumidzi ili mu chigawo cha Smolensk.

Vyazemskij nthawi

Mu 1917, Bulgakov Anam'samutsira Vyazma. chikhato moyo umaonekera chilengedwe kwaiye, "Mfundo ya mnyamata yemwe anali dokotala" mu 1926. Ntchito za Bulgakov, mndandanda wa lopatsidwa pansipa, sikutheka kulingalira popanda kutchulidwa ntchito. The protagonist ake - dokotala wodziwa, ntchito moona mtima, nthawi zambiri kupulumutsa anthu zinthu zopanda chiyembekezo, akudziwa bwino za mavuto a anthu wamba osaphunzira ku Smolensk midzi wogontha ndipo amamva mphamvu zosintha chirichonse bwino.

Kukwera

The utasintha anathyola njira kabwerebwere wa moyo. Mu nkhani "Kyiv-City" (1923), wolemba akufotokoza maganizo ake pa izo. Iye ananena kuti ndi kusintha chosintha akuopsa ndipo mwadzidzidzi "anabwera nkhaniyo." Bulgakov osachita usilikali pambuyo pa October kuukira boma, iye anabwerera ku Kiev, limene posachedwapa wotanganidwa ndi asilikali a ku Germany. Apa wolemba kumizidwa mu maelstrom wa Civil nkhondo inayambika. Ntchito za Bulgakov, mndandanda wa lopatsidwa pansipa, monga chilengedwe cha zaka.

Bulgakov - dokotala

Popeza Mr Mikhail anali dokotala wabwino, misonkhano wake atha, ndipo iye ndi zipani zina kumenyana. Ngakhale kuti nthawi iliyonse wokhulupirika kwa zolinga zaumunthu mu mtima pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuculuka chakukhosi nkhanza za azungu ndi Petlurites kenako zikupezeka mu nkhani ya "Night pa nambala yachitatu" ndi "kuwuluka" mu buku la "The White Alonda" masewelo "Galimoto" ndi "Masiku a turbines." Moona mtima pochita ntchito zachipatala, Bulgakov kumapeto 1919, anakhala mboni unwitting kuti milandu koopsa Vladikavkaz. Kukana kuchita nawo nkhondo, kumayambiriro 1920, iye anasiya gulu lankhondo la Denikin Bulgakov. Works, mndandanda wa zomwe mudzapeza m'nkhani ino, mwanjira ina kusonyeza izi ndi zinthu zina mbiri.

ntchito zolembalemba

Mr Mikhail nthawi akusankha kuchoka maphunziro ake a mankhwala ndi kuyamba kulemba ntchito polemba nkhani nyuzi m'deralo. nkhani yake yoyamba, anamaliza mu chaka cha 1919. M'nyengo yozizira ya 1919-1920 lidalembedwa anecdotes angapo zoseketsa komanso nkhani. Mu mmodzi wa iwo, "msonkho kwa kusirira," limafotokoza nkhani ya kusiyana msewu zimene zinachitika mu Civil nkhondo ndi utasintha mu Kiev.

masewero ed

Bulgakov atatsala pang'ono White pantchito Vladikavkaz mwakayakaya ndi relapsing malungo. Adatsitsimuka m'chaka cha 1920, pamene Red Army kale wotanganidwa mzinda. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, wolemba anayamba kugwirizana ndi komiti chosintha, ndi gawo zaluso polemba Ingush ndi troupes Ossetian kusewera kuwalitsa maganizo ake pa zinthu zisinthe. Iwo anali kokha tsiku limodzi mukubwadamuka ndipo zinalengedwa makamaka kuti apulumuke pa nthawi ya mavuto. Vladikavkaz Bulgakov zidindo anali zimaonekera buku wake wotchuka "Buku pa cuffs lapansi."

Kusamukira ku Moscow

Choyamba ku Tbilisi kenako mu mzinda wa Batumi Bulgakov mwayi kusamuka. Koma iye ankadziwa kuti iye anali kukhala pafupi ndi anthu pa nthawi yovuta kwa dziko. Choncho, mu 1921, Bulgakov anasamukira ku Moscow. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1922, nkhani pansi olemba ake limapezeka nthawi zonse Moscow magazini ndi nyuzipepala. The essays satirical ndi timabuku anasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya anthu pambuyo chosintha. The chinthu chachikulu cha Zotengera zolembalemba ndi nouveaux chuma nepmen, umene umatchedwa "mukhale chopondapo wa NEP" (lalifupi nkhani "Cup of Life" ndi "Trillioner"), komanso ndi mlingo wochepa wa chikhalidwe cha anthu a anthu: amalonda bazaar, okhala Moscow limodzi ogwira antchito ndi ena. Mr Mikhail anati ndi mbali ya nthawi yatsopano. Mu umodzi wa essays wake kumeneko mwanayo wophunzira (monga chizindikiro cha mumaganiza atsopano) akuyenda mumsewu ndi knapsack latsopano.

"The Dzitetezeni Mazira"

"The Dzitetezeni Mazira" lofalitsidwa mu 1924, Bulgakov. Works, mndandanda wa lopatsidwa pansipa, sikutheka kulingalira popanda kutchulidwa kwa nkhani ino. Zimenezi anali kulephereka mu lakutali kungoganiza m'tsogolo, yeniyeni, mu 1928. Ndiye zotsatira NEP linaonekera, kuphatikizapo nyamuka amphamvu mu kakhalidwe ka moyo wa anthu. Mapichesi, ndi ngwazi chachikulu kwa nkhaniyi, ali anapeza kwambiri chomwe chingathe kubweretsa phindu lalikulu kwa anthu. Koma mmanja a wodzikweza, anthu theka kulemba ndi kuwerenga, ndi bureaucracy nascent, maluwa pa nkhondo chikominisi ndi zina analimbitsa mu zaka za NEP ililipo, Kutulukira ndi ngozi. Osati mapichesi kokha, komanso pafupifupi onse ngwazi za mabuku Bulgakov 20s ndithu. Mu ntchito za Bulgakov adafuna kuuza owerenga lingaliro la unavailability wa masiku ano anthu ambiri kuvomereza mfundo yatsopano ubale zochokera kulemekeza kudziwa ntchito, ndiponso chikhalidwe.

"Galimoto" ndi "Masiku a turbines"

Mu masewero "Flight" ndi "Masiku a turbines" (zaka 1925-1928), wolemba ankafotokozedwa chakuti akuluakulu onse motsatizana mu Civil nkhondo zimatsutsana luntha. Mawonekedwe a ntchito izi zikusonyeza oimira otchedwa "luntha latsopano" amene analandira ulimi choyamba, kapena mosamala Kapena moonekera n'kuuthira nkhondo. Mr Mikhail ankamuona ngati wosanjikiza atsopano, ndi nthabwala, analemba mbali yake yakuti "Capital mu kope a."

Vuto la wolemba

Kuthandiza zisinthe ndinkaona kupanda chilungamo, anakayikira kufunika miyeso, koma sanaleke ndimakhulupirira mwa anthu, mu Bulgakov anthu. Works, mndandanda wa zomwe timapereka, zimaonekera. Iwo adamfunsa Iye ndi ozindikira zilembo ntchito yake, umene anakumana ndi kutsutsa zinthu mwankhanza. Kuukira pa wolemba mu 1929 itakula. Iwo anachotsedwa mu zochitika zonse za masewero ake kuti: "kapezi Island," "Masiku a turbines" ndi "Zoyka nyumba". Kukhala ndi vuto, wolemba wasankha kulemba kalata ku boma, amene anapempha chilolezo kuti achoke m'dzikolo. Atangoyamba kucheza ndi Stalin, kenako Bulgakov anasankhidwa mkulu wa Moscow Art Theatre monga thandizo. Re kuwonekera pa magawo a chiphunzitso cha masewero Bulgakov, ndipo patapita kanthawi - ndi kukonzanso enactment a "Miyoyo Akufa" (Bulgakov).

ntchito zonse, mndandanda wa amene anapereka m'munsimu, zalembedwa mu nkhani iyi, kuti mumve, kumene inu mukhoza kuwona kuti pambuyo 1927 kulisindikiza sizimawoneka mizere wina uliwonse wolemba, monga iye anali membala wa mndandanda wa yoletsedwa. Ngakhale izi, Mr Mikhail anali panyumba. Ndi dziko lathu analenga ntchito zonse Bulgakov. Mndandanda wa zaka kulemba ndi maina awo za kutha kwa nkhani ino.

"Master ndi Margarita"

Mu 1933, wolemba pofuna kufalitsa buku anapangidwa "Moyo wa Monsieur de A Moliere" mu mndandanda "Lives of Apadera Anthu", koma kachiwiri kuyembekezera kulephera. Kufikira imfa yake, Mr Mikhail salinso kuyesa kufalitsa ntchito zawo. nthawi iyi Yoswa ntchito mankhwala a "Master ndi Margarita" buku, amene anakhala wa kupambana wamkulu kwambiri mu dziko la prose kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Kuti ntchito anatenga zaka 12 wa moyo Bulgakov.

Mabaibulo oyambirira mankhwala kuti iye ankaona insufficiently bwino, kotero mu zaka pang'ono iye anabwerera mobwerezabwereza otchulidwa wake, mikangano ndipo anabwera ndi zithunzi zatsopano. Only mu 1932, buku anapeza nkhani chokwanira.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Bulgakov Komabe, ndipo anapitiriza ntchito, komabe lofalitsidwa. Kuthyoka pansi, ndipo zachititsa kuti exacerbation wa matenda ndi wotsatira msanga. Bulgakov anamwalira pa March 10, 1940, ndipo anaikidwa mu Moscow, ndi Novodevichy manda.

Mndandanda wa ntchito za Bulgakov ndi madeti

nkhani;

- "Buku pa cuffs ndi":

• 1922 - "The Waukulu Zopatsa Chidwi a Dr.", "Red Korona", "Night pa nambala yachitatu";
• 1923 - Chinese mbiri "," kuukira "," Buku pa cuffs 'ayi;
• 1924 - "La Boheme."

- "Mfundo ya mnyamata yemwe anali dokotala":

• 1925 - "Ubatizo 'abweze," Aigupto mdima ";
• 1926 - "chopukutira, tambala", "Mkuntho", "Kuphonya Diso", "nyenyezi totupa", komanso pafupi ndi mkombero wa nkhaniyi, "Ndinapha";
• 1927 - pafupi ndi mkombero wa nkhani "Morphine".

Mikhail Bulgakov analemba mabuku osiyanasiyana. Mndandanda wa nkhani imene ife kale zikalembedwa mabuku enaake ndi masewero.

Kunena:

• 1924 - "The White Alonda";
• 1962 - "The Life of Monsieur de A Moliere";
• 1965 - "Mfundo wa womwalirayo";
• 1967 - "The Master ndi Margarita".

Ndimasewera:

• 1925 - "Zoyka nyumba";
• 1925 - "mlandu nkhonya";
• 1926 - "Masiku a turbines";
• 1930 - "The Cabal wa Onyenga";
• 1955 - "Alexander Pushkin";
• 1962 - "Thamanga";
• 1965 - "Ivan";
• 1965 - "Wopenga Jourdain";
• 1966 - "yamtendere";
• 1977 - "Batum";
• 1986 - "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere";
• 1986 - "Akufa Miyoyo".

Awa ndi zolengedwa chachikulu amene analenga Bulgakov. Works, mndandanda umene unaperekedwa kwa inu suthera pamwambapa. Apa sitinachite m'gulu satires, nkhani, essays, ndi ena ntchito zina, kuti ndizolowere kuti Zingakhalenso zothandiza.

Mafilimu ofotokoza ntchito za Bulgakov, mndandanda wa zomwe wakhala mwachindunji pamwamba, adalenga ambiri opanga zoweta ndi achilendo. Wotchuka filimu anatengera "Mphunzitsi ndi Margarita" - Alexander Petrovich, George Curry ndi Vladimir Bortko, olengedwa mwa Russia.