Mipweya kuyaka: dzina, katundu ndi ntchito

mipweya kuyaka - mankhwala ndi wochepa pakhomo kuyaka. Ichi ndi mbali yaikulu ya mafuta gaseous, amene ntchito kotunga mpweya m'mizinda, makampani ndi muzochitika zina za moyo. Physico-mankhwala makhalidwe mpweya izi zidalira pa kukhalapo mu dongosolo lawo zigawo zikuluzikulu incombustible ndi Mankhwala oipitsa.

Mitundu ndi chiyambi cha mpweya kuyaka

Kuyaka mpweya monga methane, propane, byuteni, ethane, hydrogen ndi carbon monoxide zosafunika zina ndi hexane ndi pentane. Iwo analandira m'njira ziwiri - kuchokera m'minda ya njira yachibadwa ndi yokumba. Mipweya zachilengedwe chiyambi - mafuta, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe amuzolengedwa cha kuwonongeka kwa organic nkhani. madipoziti kwambiri ili pa akuya zosakwana 1.5 Km ndi zigwirizana makamaka a dziko ndi admixtures ka propane, byuteni ndi ethane. Ndi kukula kuya kuwonjezeka kuchuluka zosafunika. Kuwapeza madipoziti achilengedwe kapena ngati mpweya kuyenda minda mafuta.

Mu madipoziti kwambiri gasi wambiri miyala nyanja (sandstones, gravels). Overlying ndi zakuya zigawo ndi wandiweyani dongo miyala. Monga yekha makamaka kutumikira mafuta ndi madzi. Amapanga - mpweya kuyaka opangidwa chifukwa matenthedwe processing a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mafuta olimba (coke, etc.), Ndipo ena ofanana katundu mafuta.

Mbali yaikulu ya gasi opangidwa mu madipoziti youma ndi dziko ndi wochepa propane, byuteni ndi ethane. gasi amakhala ndi zikuchokera zonse, izo zimagawidwa gwaa. The zikuchokera mafuta opangidwa pa mafuta kuyenga ndi mpweya zopangapanga madipoziti, ndi osakhazikika ndipo zimadalira GOR mafuta ndi mafuta zachilengedwe ndi mpweya zosakaniza m'mikhalidwe. Pamafunikanso kwambiri kuchuluka kwa propane, byuteni, ethane, ndi kuwala zina ndi chimasanduka katundu ali mafuta mpaka palafini ndi mafuta ting'onoting'ono.

M'zigawo kuyaka gasi ndi kuchotsa izo kuchokera subsoil ndi chopereka, kuchotsa chinyezi owonjezera ndi kukonzekera zoyendera ogula. Mbali mpweya ndi pamisinkhu onse mapangidwe kwa wosuta mapeto ndondomeko lonse wasindikizidwa.

mipweya kuyaka ndi katundu

Zharoproizvoditelnost - pazipita kutentha, anamasulidwa ndi kuyaka lathunthu la mpweya youma kuchuluka theoretically chofunika mpweya. Pankhaniyi kutentha kwaiye kutenthetsa mankhwala anakhala a kuyaka. Pakuti dziko chizindikiro ichi ndi 2043 ° C, byuteni - 2118, propane - 2110.

The poyatsira kutentha - kutentha wotsikitsitsa limene mowiriza ndondomeko poyatsira popanda kukhudzana ndi anthu wamba, ngati nthethe kapena lawi, chifukwa cha kutentha anamasulidwa ndi particles ndi mpweya. chizindikiro Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri kudziwa chovomerezeka pamwamba kutentha zida ntchito m'madera woopsawo, amene sayenera upambana kutentha poyatsira. Pakuti hardware otere anatuma kalasi kutentha.

Pophulikira - kutentha wotsikitsitsa limene nthunzi okwanira adzamasulidwa (padziko madzi) kuti azinyadira lawi kakang'ono. Mundawu sayenera zambiri ndi mfundo kung'anima, monga magawo awa zingasiyane Pamlingo waukulu.

mpweya / nthunzi osalimba. Tsimikizani poyerekeza ndi mpweya, amene kachulukidwe ndi wofanana 1. The kachulukidwe mafuta <1 - kukula> 1 - kugwa. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa methane, chithunzi ndi 0,55.

Kuopsa kwa mpweya inflammable

mipweya kuyaka ndi oopsa atatu katundu wake:

1. Combustibility. Pali chiopsezo cha moto kugwirizana ndi kusalankhula poyatsira mpweya;
2. Kawopsedwe. Chiopsezo mpweya poyizoni kapena mankhwala ake a kuyaka (mpweya monoxide);
3. Strangulation chifukwa chakuchepa mpweya, sipangakhalenso chisiyana mpweya wina.

The ndondomeko kuyaka ndi mankhwala anachita, womwenso oxygen. Pamene mphamvu izi adzamasulidwa monga kutentha, malawi. Flammable mankhwala amachita mpweya. The ndondomeko ya mafuta kuyaka ndi zotheka pamaso pa zifukwa zitatu:

• The poyatsira gwero.
• Kuyaka mpweya.
• Mpweya.

Cholinga cha chitetezo moto kuchotsa chimodzi mwa zinthu.

dziko

Ndi colorless kuwala flammable mpweya popanda fungo. Ndi sanali poizoni. Mpweya umene umapanga 98% mpweya zachilengedwe. Akukhulupirira waukulu kudziŵa katundu wa gasi. Ndi 75% wa carbon ndi 25% wa hydrogen. Kulemera kyubu. mamita - 0,717 kg. Liquefied pa kutentha 111 K, pamene buku lake yafupika nthawi 600. Iwo ali otsika reactivity.

propane

Propane - mafuta mafuta ndi colorless ndi odorless. Iwo ali reactivity kuposa dziko. The zili ndi gasi 0,1-11% ndi kulemera. The mpweya lopanda madipoziti wosanganiza gasi 20% mu mafuta kukonzedwa olimba (lignite ndi khala, khala phula) 80%. Propane ntchito anasiyana kubala ethylene, propylene, olefins, alcohols m'munsi, acetone, asidi formic ndi asidi propionic, nitroparaffins.

byuteni

The mpweya mafuta ndi colorless, ndi fungo a. Byuteni mpweya ndi loopsali ndi mosavuta compressible. Ali mafuta mpweya kuti 12% ndi buku. Ndiponso, ndi kuwapeza akulimbana za tuzigawo twa mafuta ndi zasayansi ndi Wurtz anachita. Kuzizira kutentha ^kwa -138 C. Pamene mpweya onse hydrocarbon, ngozi moto. Zovulaza wamanjenje dongosolo pamene Mpweya amachititsa kukanika kwa zida kupuma. Byuteni (mpweya) ali katundu chomwa mankhwalawa.

ethane

Ethane - mpweya ndi colorless ndi odorless. The woimira chimasanduka. Dehydrogenation pa 550-650 ⁰ C kumabweretsa ethylene, owonjezera 800 ⁰ C - kuti acetylene. Ali gasi ndi kugwirizana kuti 10%. Zoperekedwa otsika kutentha distillation. ndalama zochuluka ethane ali panamveka pa akulimbana za mafuta. Mu m'galasi anawakonzera Wurtz anachita. Ndi yaikulu zopangira kwa mankhwala enaake vinilu ndi ethylene.

haidrojeni

Chimaonekera ndipo odorless mpweya. Nontoxic, nthawi 14.5 opepuka kuposa mpweya. Ndi mtundu wa hayidirojeni ndi osiyana mpweya. Iwo ali reactivity mkulu, poyatsira lonse malire, ndi zachiwawa kwambiri. Ndi mbali ya pafupifupi onse organic mankhwala. The mpweya zovuta kwambiri kuti wothinikizidwa. Free wa hydrogen m'chilengedwe ali osowa kwambiri, koma mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala sizachilendo.

carbon monoxide

gasi colorless, odorless ndi zoipa. Kulemera kwa 1 CC. mamita - 1,25 makilogalamu. Ali mpweya wandiweyani pamodzi ndi methane ndi chimasanduka ena. Kuchuluka kuchuluka kwa mpweya monoxide mu mpweya mafuta kumachepetsa kutentha kwa kuyaka. Iwo ali zotsatira poizoni pa thupi la munthu.

The ntchito mpweya kuyaka

mipweya kuyaka mkulu phindu calorific, choncho amapatsa ndalama mphamvu mafuta. Ankagwiritsa ntchito zosowa zapakhomo zomera mphamvu, zitsulo, galasi, simenti ndi mafakitale chakudya, monga mafuta ndi galimoto, kupanga zipangizo yomanga.

Ntchito mpweya flammable monga chuma yaiwisi kwa kupanga mankhwala organic monga formaldehyde, methanol, asidi acetic, acetone, acetaldehyde, chifukwa kukhalapo mu dongosolo lawo la chimasanduka. Dziko monga mbali yaikulu ya mafuta gasi, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito yopangira mankhwala osiyanasiyana organic. Pakuti kupanga wa ammonia ndi zosiyanasiyana za alcohols ntchito kaphatikizidwe mpweya - mankhwala a kutembenuka kwa dziko ndi mpweya kapena nthunzi. Ndipo pyrolysis wa acetylene akamagwira dehydrogenation wa methane, pamodzi ndi hydrogen ndi mpweya wakuda. Hayidirojeni, nayenso, ntchito kaphatikizidwe wa ammonia. mipweya kuyaka, makamaka ethane, ntchito yokonza ethylene ndi propylene, amene ndiye ntchito ngati feedstock kwa kupanga mapulasitiki, ulusi kupanga ndi rubbers kupanga.

Zingamuthandize mafuta m'madera ambiri a chuma cha dziko ndi liquefied dziko. Ntchito mpweya liquefied nthawi zambiri amapereka phindu kwambiri chuma, pothandiza kuti mayendedwe materialozatraty kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa mavuto a kapezedwe mpweya m'madera ena, inu mukhoza kulenga nkhokwe a zipangizo za zosowa za makampani mankhwala a.