Wambiri Nitsshe Fridriha. Chidwi mfundo, ntchito, makoti

Nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zinthu zazikulu zimene nzeru ndi luso si akunesa. Nitsshe Fridrih, mmodzi wa nzeru ena ofunika kwambiri kwa theka lachiwiri la zana la 19 anali ovuta lalifupi aphindu pantchito. Tikuuze za zikuluzikulu za nkhani yonena za ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya woganiza ndi malingaliro.

Childhood ndi magwero

October 15, 1844 mu East Germany, m'tauni yaing'ono Rekkene anabadwa tsogolo woganiza kwambiri. Aliyense mbiri, Nitsshe Fridrih yotero, limayamba makolo. Choncho ndi ichi mu nzeru za mbiri si bwino. Pali lomwe iye akuchokera ku Polish m'banja lapamwamba la dzina Nice, izo anatsimikizira yokha Friedrich. Koma pali akatswiri ena amene amanena kuti banja nzeru zapamwamba anali mizu German ndi mayina. Amati kuti "Polish buku la" Nietzsche chabe anatulukira, kuti asakhale ndi aura ya exclusivity ndi strangeness. Amadziwika kuti mibadwo iwiri ya makolo ake ankagwirizana ndi ansembe, pa mbali ya makolo onse agogo anali mtumiki Lutheran Frederick, komanso bambo ake. Pamene Nietzsche zaka 5, bambo ake anamwalira ndi woopsa matenda a ubongo ndi maphunziro a mayi a Calvin ntchito. Kuti mayi ake anali ndi chikondi chachikulu ndi mlongo wanga ndi ine anali mabwenzi apamtima kwambiri ndi zovuta, amene anachita mbali yaikulu mu moyo wake. Kale ana aang'ono Friedrich anasonyeza kuti akufuna kukhala ngati wina aliyense, ndipo anali wokonzeka zinthu zosiyana openga.

mapangidwe

Ndili ndi zaka 14, Fridrih Nitsshe, nzeru za amene sanabadwe ngakhale atayamba zitangomera, anatumidwa kwa ochitira masewera otchuka Pforta, komwe anaphunzitsa zinenero chakale, wakale mbiri ndi mabuku komanso nkhani ambiri. Mu Nietzsche Ine anali wakhama zilankhulo, koma ndi masamu iye anali moyipa kwambiri. Izo zinali mu sukulu pa Friedrich pali chidwi amphamvu music, nzeru ndi mabuku akale. Iye anayesera dzanja lake pa kulemba njira, kuwerenga kwambiri za olemba German. Nditamaliza sukulu, mu 1862, Nietzsche anapita kukaphunzira pa University of Bonn mphamvu ya zamulungu, ndi nzeru za anthu. Kusukulu, anafunitsitsa amphamvu zinthu zachipembedzo, ndipo ngakhale ndinalota, monga bambo kuti akhale m'busa. Koma zaka wophunzira maganizo ake asintha kwambiri, ndipo anakhala osapemphera zigawenga. Mu Bonn, ubale ndi m'kalasi Nietzsche sizinayende, ndipo iye anali kunditumiza ku Leipzig. Pali ankayembekezera zinapambana kwambiri pa maphunziro ake anaitanidwa ntchito katswiri wa mabuku Greek. Mothandizidwa ndi mphunzitsi wake ndiwotani, ndi German philologist F. Richli, iye anavomera ntchitoyo. Nietzsche mosavuta mayeso kuti mutu wa dokotala wa nzeru ndipo anapita kuphunzitsa Basel. Koma Frederick sanaganize wosangalala maphunziro awo, philological Lachitatu kuyambira kwa kulemera pa iye.

mwana wa ng'ombe chikondi

Mu unyamata wake, Fridrih Nitsshe, amene nzeru yekha anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe, wakhala awiri amphamvu mphamvu, ngakhale mantha. Mu 1868, iye anadziwa Richard Wagner. Music Wolemba Frederick anachita chidwi ndi m'mbuyomu, ndipo kudziwana anachititsa chidwi kwambiri iye. Awiri munthu zapadera anapeza amafananadi: onse amakonda mabuku akale Greek, onse ankadana fettering mzimu wa ukapolo chikhalidwe. zaka zitatu pakati Nietzsche ndi Wagner anakhazikitsa mgwirizano koma anayamba kuziziritsa ndi kwathunthu anasiya pambuyo nzeru zapamwamba, lofalitsidwa buku lakuti "Anthu onse anthu kwambiri." Wolemba adapezamo ndi Zisonyezo zoonekera matenda a maganizo a wolemba.

Mantha yachiwiri kugwirizana ndi buku Schopenhauer "The World monga Will ndi chifaniziro." Anasanduka maganizo Nietzsche pa dziko. Woganiza Schopenhauer chikuzika kwa umatha kunena zoona m'nthawi yake, chifukwa chodzipereka kupita ndi malingaliro ambiri amavomereza. Zinali ntchito yake chinachititsa Nietzsche kulemba ntchito ndi akatswiri pa kusintha zochita - tsopano zokhala nzeru za anthu.

Pa Franco-Prussian nkhondo, anagwira ntchito zachipatala mwadongosolo, ndi zoopsa zonse za kunkhondo, oddly mokwanira, anatsindika yekha maganizo ake za ubwino ndi kuchiritsa zotsatira za zochitika pa Company.

thanzi

Kuyambira ndili mwana ndinkachita si amphamvu kwambiri, anali wamfupi woona kwambiri ndi lofooka, mwina chifukwa, monga kusanduka mbiri yake. Nitsshe Fridrih anali ndi chibadwa choipa ndi ofooka mantha dongosolo. Pa zaka 18 anayamba kukhala ndi chifundo cha mutu kwambiri, nseru, kusowa tulo, anakumana nazo nyengo yaitali utachepa kamvekedwe ndi maganizo maganizo. Patatha Chinawonjezeka neurosyphilis, kunyamulidwa pa kulankhulana ndi hule. Pa zaka 30 iye anayamba kufooka lakuthwa mu thanzi, iye anali pafupifupi wakhungu, anali mutu yotopetsa. Iye anayamba kuchitira opiate kuti kwachititsa kuyan'anila za mundawo m'mimba. Mu 1879 Nietzsche anapuma chifukwa chodwala, amapindula yunivesite analipira. Ndipo anayamba matenda okhazikika. Koma pa nthawi iyi iwo anapanga ziphunzitso Fridriha Nitsshe ndi nzeru zaumunthu wake kwambiri kumawonjezera zokolola.

moyo

Wafilosofi Fridrih Nitsshe, amene maganizo zasintha chikhalidwe cha m'ma 20, anadandaula m'banjalo. Malinga ndi iye, panali akazi 4, koma 2 yekha wa iwo (Mahule) apanga pang'ono wosangalala pa moyo wake. unyamata wake oyambirira anali kugonana ndi mlongo wake Elizabeti, iye ankafuna kuti amukwatire iye. Nditakwanitsa zaka 15, Friedrich anali amagona ndi mkazi wamkulu. Onse woganiza izi kwakukulu mukopedwe ndi khalidwe lokonda akazi ndi moyo wake. Iye anali kufuna kuona mkazi interlocutor choyamba. Intelligence iye anali wofunika kwambiri kuposa kugonana. Pa nthawi ina iye anali kukonda mkazi wa Wagner. Patapita nthawi, chidwi ndi dokotala Lou Salome, amene adali m'chikondi ndi mnzake, wolemba Paulo Ray. Kwa kanthawi, ngakhale atakhala limodzi mu nyumba yomweyo. Zinali mchikakamizo cha ubwenzi ndi Lou, iye analemba gawo loyamba la ntchito yake yotchuka "Choncho Analankhula Zarathustra". Kawiri pa moyo wa Friedrich anapanga akafunsiridwa ukwati, ndipo nthawi zonse anali adakana.

The asonyeza nthawi ya moyo

Ndi pantchito ya, ngakhale matenda opweteka, nzeru zapamwamba akutenga nyengo asonyeza a moyo wake. Nitsshe Fridrih, zopambana za mabuku akhala zapamwamba za nzeru dziko kwa zaka 10, analemba 11 ntchito yake yaikulu. Kwa zaka 4 analemba ndi lofalitsidwa ntchito wotchuka kwambiri "Choncho Analankhula Zarathustra". Buku lili osati yowala, malingaliro zachilendo, koma yokhala zinali sizionekaoneka ntchito nzeru za anthu. Iwo zapiringizana mawunikidwe, Myology, ndakatulo. Kwa zaka ziwiri pambuyo buku la mbali yoyamba ya Nietzsche amakhala otchuka woganiza a ku Ulaya. Ntchito pa buku atsopano "The Will kuti Mphamvu" inapitirira kwa zaka zingapo, amaphatikiza mawunikidwe ndi nthawi kale. Ntchito linasindikizidwa pambuyo zikomo nzeru zapamwamba imfa khama la mlongo wake.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

matenda kumayambiriro a chaka cha 1898 zikuchepa kukula kwachititsa kuti Popeza kuti yomalizidwa nthanthi mbiri. Nitsshe Fridrih anaona msewu powonekera kavalo kumenyedwa, ndi kuti chikwiyire zoyenera wake wa misala. Madokotala sanapeze chifukwa chenicheni cha matenda ake. N'kutheka pogwiritsa ntchito kuno malo ovuta. Muzilemekeza madokotala sakanakhoza kupereka ndipo anatumiza Nietzsche ku chipatala Psychiatric mu Basel. Kumeneko anali mu chipinda upholstered mu nsalu yofewa, choncho sangasankhe kudziletsa zoipa. Madokotala amatha kubweretsa wodwalayo boma lokhazikika kuti popanda chiwawa kuukira ndipo kuloledwa kuchita naye kunyumba. Mayi mbamphedza mwana wake, kuyesera ngati kuli kotheka kuti muchepetse mavuto ake. Koma anamwalira miyezi ingapo, ndipo Frederick zowawa sitiroko, zomwe kwathunthu kugwetsa iye ndi kukhale kovuta kulankhula. Posachedwapa, mlongo nzeru zapamwamba anayang'ana. August 25, 1900, kuukira wina, Nietzsche anafa. Iye anali ndi zaka 55 zokha, naikidwa manda nzeru zapamwamba mu kwawo achibale.

mfundo zimene Nietzsche

nzeru Nietzsche a amadziwika zikomo padziko lonse maganizo ake nihilistic ndi kwakukulu. Iye mwamphamvu kwambiri kudzudzulidwa magulu ano European, makamaka maziko wachikristu. Woganiza ankakhulupirira kuti popeza masiku a Greece wakale, amene amaona ngati abwino ena a chitukuko, pali azingokhala ndi kuonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha World Old. Iye formulates lingaliro lake, kenako amatchedwa "nzeru za moyo". Vuto limeneli amakhulupirira kuti moyo wa munthu wapadera ndi wapadera. Aliyense ndi wofunika anakumana nazo. Ndipo mbali yaikulu ya moyo wake, iye anawapeza osati maganizo kapena maganizo, ndi. Anthu ali akumenya mosalekeza ndi woyenera moyo wamphamvu. Motero tingafunse lingaliro la Chitsulo - mmodzi wa chiphunzitso chachikulu cha Nietzsche. Fridrih Nitsshe amaganizira za chikondi, tanthauzo la moyo, choonadi, ntchito ya chipembedzo ndi sayansi.

ntchito Major

Zotsatira za nzeru zapamwamba yaing'ono. ntchito yake yomaliza lofalitsidwa ndi mlongo wake, amene sanazengereze kusintha lemba malinga ndi awo view dziko. Koma ntchito zimenezi zinali zokwanira Fridrih Nitsshe, amene ntchito zina mu pulogalamu mokakamizidwa mbiri ya nzeru ku yunivesite ina iliyonse ya dziko, iye wakhala tingachipeze powerenga weniweni wa dziko la kuganiza. Pa mndandanda wa mabuku abwino aphatikizidwa, kuwonjezera pa anthu tanenera kale, zolemba za "Beyond Zabwino ndi Zoipa," "Wotsutsakhristu", "Kubadwa kwa Mavuto", "Kuti mbadwo wa makhalidwe abwino."

Kufunafuna cholinga cha moyo

M'mbuyo tanthauzo la moyo ndi mbiri ya chandamale - Nkhani yaikulu ya nzeru European, sanathe kukhala kutali ndi iwo, ndipo Fridrih Nitsshe. Za tanthauzo la moyo, iye anati, mu angapo ntchito zake, kwathunthu kumakana. Iye ananena kuti Chikhristu akusokoneza anthu kungoganiza cholinga zoona, kunyenga anthu. Moyo yekha mu dziko lino, chinyengo kulonjeza mtundu wa mphoto tsiku lomaliza khalidwe abwino. Choncho, akuti Nietzsche, chipembedzo amayendela mwa munthu, kumupanga iye moyo zolinga neorganichno umunthu. M'dziko limene "Mulungu ndi akufa", munthuyo ndi udindo khalidwe lake khalidwe ndi umunthu. Ndipo ichi ndi ukulu wa munthu, kuti 'kukhala munthu "ndi nyama otsala. Komanso, tanthauzo la moyo woganiza anaona chifuniro mphamvu, munthu (munthu) ayenera kuyesetsa kupambana, mwinamwake linakhalapo ndi tanthauzo. Nietzsche anaona mphamvu za mbiri mu maphunziro a Chitsulo, izo si kusanduka chikhalidwe ayenera kutsogolera maonekedwe ake.

Lingaliro la Chitsulo ndi

Mu ntchito chake chachikulu "Choncho adayankhula Zarathustra," Nietzsche formulates lingaliro la Chitsulo lapansi. Uyu abwino wawononga malamulo ndi mfundo molimba mtima kufunafuna mphamvu pa dziko lapansi ndi anthu ena onse, ndi achilendo kwa iye amaganiza onyenga ndi nkhambakamwa. The otsutsana wa chinthu ichi wapamwamba "munthu otsiriza", amene, m'malo kufika pofuna kuthana olakwika, anasankha chitonthozo, kuli nyama. Malinga Nietzsche, dziko chi yabzalidwa mu "otsiriza" Kotero iye anawona ubwino wa nkhondo, kuyeretsa ndi mwayi kubadwanso. Chitsulo mfundo anazindikira mwa A. Hitler ndi kukhulupirira ndi kulungamitsidwa maganizo kwa Fascism. Ngakhale kanthu nzeru zapamwamba kotero ndipo sindinali kuganiza. Chifukwa cha ntchito iyi, dzina ndi Nietzsche anali kuletsa categorical ku Soviet Union.

zilembedwe

Mawu nzeru zapamwamba Nietzsche amene anapita ku dziko, anali kulankhula mwachidule ndi gnomic. Choncho, ambiri mwa mawu ake ali amakonda kutsogolera okamba osiyanasiyana pa nthawi iliyonse. Wotchuka amagwira katswiri wa chikondi mawu akuti: "Anthu sangathe chikondi ngakhale chenicheni ngakhale Ubwenzi wolimba, zonse kubetcherana pa ukwati", "Mu chikondi pali nthawi pang'ono misala ... koma misala pali nthawizonse nzeru pang'ono . Pa anyamata, analankhula bitingly kwambiri: "Inu mupite akazi - kutenga chikwapu." Mwambi wake unali: "Chilichonse si kundipha - zimandipangitsa wamphamvu."

Kutanthauza Nietzsche chikhalidwe

Lero, Friedrich Nietzsche makoti ku ntchito amene angapezeke mu ntchito zambiri akatswiri amakono, salinso imachititsa mtsutso ngati oopsa komanso kutsutsa m'zaka za m'ma 20. Ndiye, chiphunzitso chakuti anali woukira boma ndipo kwaiye kwambiri m'madera zinalili mu kukambirana ndi Nietzsche. Naye kotheka kutsutsana kapena kukangana, koma anali Sitinganyalanyaze. malingaliro nzeru zapamwamba anali ndi mphamvu pa chikhalidwe ndi luso losiyanasiyana. Chidwi ndi ntchito za Nietzsche Mwachitsanzo, Thomas Mann analemba ake "Doctor Faustus." malangizo ake za "nzeru za moyo" anapereka dziko nzeru ena yabwino kwambiri monga Dilthey, Bergson, Spengler.

mfundo zosangalatsa

anthu Bright nthawi ayambe kuchita chidwi anthu, osati asatengere Fridrih Nitsshe. Chidwi zokhudza mbiri yake akufunafuna ofufuza anthu kuwerenga ndi zosangalatsa. anali nzeru zachilendo cha moyo n'chiyani? Mwachitsanzo, moyo wake onse ankakonda nyimbo, iye anali limba bwino. Ndipo ngakhale misala, analenga nyimbo ndi improvised zidutswa nyimbo mu modutsa kuchipatala. Mu 1869, iye anasiya nzika Prussian ndi moyo wake wonse ankakhala, si a boma lililonse.