Monga poyamba bwino "nzeru": tanthauzo, mbiri ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Mawu akatswiri a masiku amakedzana othandizanso iwo awiri ndi theka zaka zapitazo. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti dziko wakhala anasintha pang'ono, kapena mfundo zomwe iwo kuganizira kwenikweni mpaka muyaya? Ngati munthu wamba mu msewu kudzifunsa funso, ndipo monga momwe ine ndikumvera nzeru, ndiye, osalephera, mawu chimenenso adzachituta kugwirizana ndi anamatetule wakale, ndi okalamba.

Ndipotu, afilosofi ankakhala mu mibadwo yonse, ndipo m'nthawi ya 21, monga mafunso zofunika Mwachitsanzo, mmene kuli ndi tanthauzo la moyo, mayankho momwemonso sanapezeke.

Mtengo wa ndondomeko maganizo

Ngati ife titembenukira chiyambi kwambiri, chifukwa cha nzeru mawuwa zochokera mawu awiri a Chigriki: cha phileo, kutanthauza kukonda, ndi Phiri - nzeru. Choncho, nzeru za pachiyambi kuwamva monga chikondi ndi nzeru, koma osati munthu wosakwatira ndi dera lonse:

• Pa mtima za sayansi ndi kuganiza, osati kuphunzira chirichonse, osati chikhulupiriro kapena mmene akumvera.
• Philosophy si chifukwa cha kuzindikira choonadi mwa munthu mmodzi, ndi maganizo gulu za izo. Mu woganiza wakale atapereka maganizo akewo, zenizeni zomwe iye anali kutsimikizira mfundo, ndiyeno ndinayamba kuganizira za ena, nthawi zina ndi mu mkangano, choonadi wabadwa.

M'pofunika wofufuza mbiriyakale, kumvetsa mmene poyamba kumvetsa nzeru za. Zinaoneka ngati chida kukwaniritsa zoona zokhudza akamanena za zinthu. Kale, anthu anavutika kuphimba zochitika zonse za maganizo ndi ubwenzi ndi dziko owazungulira. Zochitika zina mpukutu zenizeni zake Mwachitsanzo, mafunde, iwo awonjezera chikumbumtima chawo, ndi kudzaza ndi zimene zinachitikira kuphunzira chikhalidwe.

Kuti ndondomeko lingaliro anachita Homo sapiens, monga unconditioned reflex khalidwe lawo linali chibadidwe iye kuchokera pa chiyambi. Mwachitsanzo, osati kufukiza nokha pa otentha, anthu simuyankhula, ndipo mwachibadwa chimakakamiza dzanja lake kuchokera pa moto.

Pamene pakati pa kanthu ndi kumverera pali akuchedwa Poyankha, wodzazidwa ndi kuganizira za mmene otetezeka kapena yopindulitsa kwambiri kuchita, ndi chiwonetsero cha njira aumunthu.

The nzeru ena a masiku amakedzana

Choyamba, chisanadze nzeru nthawi anali gawo lapadera la chikhalidwe, monga kukhudza ndi moyo othandiza tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, Confucius kuphunzitsidwa khalidwe loyenera anthu, monga mwa ulamuliro: samachita kwa ena zimene inu sindimakonda iwo akuchitireni inu. amuna anzeru aŵa moyo osati China wakale, komanso India.

anthu awa sitinganene kuti nzeru ena, iwo ali anzeru. Kuphunzira mawu awo, n'zotheka kupanga ganizo poyamba anamvetsa nzeru za anthu a nthawi imeneyo.

Woyamba nzeru zapamwamba weniweni ankaona Thales, amene ankakhala 625 - 545 BC. e. kunena ake kuti onse - ichi ndicho madzi, ndi ntchito chifukwa yekha, monga izi sadalira zina, monga nthano.

Kuganizira nkhani iyi, izo chokhazikika pa kuzipenya wake wa chikhalidwe cha zinthu ndipo anayesetsa kufotokoza katundu wa maphunziro awo. Popeza kuti muzu wa zamoyo zonse ndi chikhalidwe zopanda moyo ndi madzi, anapangana, akuyendayenda limati yake yosiyanasiyana: olimba, madzi ndi gaseous.

Ophunzira ndi otsatira a Thales anapitiriza kukhala malingaliro a mphunzitsi wake, motero kuyala maziko a sukulu woyamba wamaganizo, popanda zomwe sipakanakhala Heraclitus, amene adakhulupirira kuti n'zosatheka mu mtsinje yomweyo kulowa kawiri kapena Pythagoras, amene amapezeka pakati pa nambala yaikulu zinthu ndi zochitika n'zosangalatsa kumva chitsanzo.

Oimira kwambiri ya sukulu ya nthanthi ya amakedzana ndi Socrates komanso Plato, Aristotle ndi Epicurus, Seneca. Iwo ankakhala mu BC, koma anali kufunafuna mayankho a mafunso omwewo kuti nkhawa ndi anthu amakono.

akale Philosophy

Chiphunzitso chachikulu cha Zapakati anali mbalume wa Mpingo, kotero kuti ntchito yaikulu ya nzeru ena a nthawi imeneyi anali kufunafuna umboni wa kukhalapo kwa Mlengi.

Popeza nzeru unali kumvedwa kukhala chikondi cha nzeru ndi kufufuza choonadi ndondomeko ya kusinkhasinkha ndi zimene ananena chikhalidwe, pa kugwa wathunthu wa ganizo sayansi, pafupifupi kuzichepetsa.

Pa yaitali ndi mdima nthawi ya Ages Middle anzeru onse wotchuka kapena kugwirizana ndi mpingo, kapena kumvera iye atero, lomwe liri losayenera, popeza nzeru - mwapadera chidziwitso cha dziko mothandizidwa ndi bindings ufulu mbalume iliyonse wa ganizo.

Anzeru kwambiri odziwika nthawi:

• Avgustin Avrely, amene analemba ndemanga "City wa Mulungu" amene malingaliro anali ophatikizidwa polenga Mpingo wa Katolika.

• Foma Akvinsky zikhulupiriro Aristotelian kuti anakwanitsa atengere mfundo za zikhulupiriro.

Madera waukulu Kutsutsana nthanthi ya nthawi anali ndi ulamuliro wa nkhani kapena mfundo, ndi malangizo - Theocentricism.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Kupambana chachikulu cha nyengo imeneyi kumasulidwa mwapang'onopang'ono maganizo a anthu ku zochita za chipembedzo, zimene pamapeto, zinachititsa kuti maluwa a sayansi, luso, mabuku ndi luso.

Kodi sanalengedwe ndi nzeru za Kubadwa Kwatsopano ankatchedwa kubwerera maganizo wakale wa umunthu, zomwe zinali zochokera anthropocentrism. Munthu akukhala pakati pa chilengedwe chonse, ndi kuphunzira akubwera patsogolo. Mwachitsanzo:

• Pico Della Mirandola amanena kuti Mlengi analenga munthu ufulu wosankha mmene kukhala: kugwa kwa mlingo wotsikitsitsa kukhalapo, kapena kukweza chilakolako cha moyo wake.
• Erazm Rotterdamsky anakhulupirira kuti chirichonse chiri Mulungu, ndi kumkana ulamuliro kunja zinthu zonse, ndi mtundu wa chilengedwe.

• Giordano Bruno anaphedwa pamtengo kwa lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa zolengedwa.

Chifukwa anzeru a nthawi, izo Tingaone monga nzeru poyamba kuzindikiridwa kwake, ndi mmene anasintha zinthu zimene zakhala ndiponso kubwereza kuzilemba ngati ziphunzitso za anzeru akale.

nthawi yatsopano

M'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri anapereka dziko Way lonse akatswiri kwambiri zomwe kwambiri chitukuko cha ganizo anthu m'tsogolo.

Ngati nzeru unali kuwamva monga chikondi ndi nzeru, tsopano kudziwa patsogolo ndi ntchito zimene mukuphunzirazo. Anzeru a nthawi anagawanika m'magulu awiri; empiricists ndi rationalists. Gulu loyamba:

• Frensis Bekon, amene amanena kuti nzeru ndi mphamvu, akupereka mwayi kwa anthu kuti tichotse tsankho ndi mfundo achipembedzo mwa kuphunzira dziko ku makamaka kwa ambiri.
• Thomas Hobbes anaganiza kuti chifukwa cha nzeru ayenera kukhala chochitika, ndicho kukhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi maganizo ake kudzera maganizo.
• Dzhon Lokk ankaona kuti pali mu malingaliro a munthu ndi kanthu kuti sikukanakhala poyambirira mu maganizo ake. Ndi kupyolera mu mphamvu ya Munthu akaphunzira, amaganizira za chikhalidwe chake ndi kupanga mfundo sayansi.

Empiricists unali wachilendo kudalira maganizo kumvetsa dziko ndi chikoka cha mmene zinthu zilili pa moyo wa munthu.

rationalists

Mosiyana empiricists, rationalists ndi maganizo osiyana Mwachitsanzo:

• Mnazareti Dekart anafotokoza nkhani yolembedwa yakuti ine ndikuganiza, chotero ine kulibe. Ichi chimatanthauza kuti chokha chakuti munthu - kuganiza, anatsimikiza mtima mfundo linakhalapo. yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa chikumbumtima anthu wachita mawu ake onena za mmene timaganiza, ndipo izi ndi moyo wathu. Choyamba analankhula za duality a dziko, ozikidwa nkhaniyo komanso mwauzimu osati mfundo imeneyi ndi yofunika.

• Benedict Spinoza ankakhulupirira kuti maziko a zinthu zonse ndi mtundu wa mankhwala, amene anatuluka maiko onse zooneka ndi zosaoneka. Iwo atapereka chiphunzitso cha chithunzi cha chowonadi, chimene Mlengi anazindikiritsidwa ndi chikhalidwe.
• Gotfrid Vilgelm Leybnits analenga chiphunzitso cha monads, imene munthu aliyense ali wapadera Monad - moyo.

Pa chitsanzo cha mfundo za asayansi cha m'ma 17 Tingaone monga poyamba anamvetsa nzeru (chikondi ndi nzeru za anthu akale), ndi mlingo zimene a maganizo a anthu anasiya.

The nzeru ena a m'zaka za m'ma 18

M'badwo wa Choonadi anabereka mtundu watsopano wa sukulu nzeru zaumunthu, kumene zofunika kwambiri nkhondo aluntha zinachitikadi pakati pa mfundo monga chuma ndi chabe. Mwa anzeru zazikulu za nthawi makamaka odziwika:

• Voltaire, yemwe anali mdani wa Mtheradi mphamvu monarchical ndi mphamvu ya mpingo pa malingaliro a anthu. Iye anali ndi ufulu woganiza, amene ankanena kuti kulibe Mulungu.
• Zhan Zhak Russo anali wotsutsa ikuyendera ndi chitukuko, omwe anakhala chifukwa cha boma, zimene zinachititsa kuti gulu la anthu malinga ndi chuma chawo.
• Denis Diderot anayimiridwa mwa materialists. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti dziko lonse - si nkhani zoyenda, imene maatomu kusuntha.
• Immanuel Kant, M'malo mwake, anali idealist. Kotero iye anayika patsogolo ndi kutsimikizira chiphunzitso kuti dziko m'poyambira ndi anyamata, kuti dziko alibe chiyambi. Iye anatchuka chifukwa antinomies ake - nthanthi zotsutsana.

Ngati nzeru unali kumvedwa kukhala chikondi cha nzeru ndi ufulu wamaganizo, kufufuza choonadi kwa zaka za m'ma 18 anabweretsa kunja kwa malingaliro a munthu kumvetsetsa nkhaniyo.

Nzeru za m'ma 19

The chidwi kwambiri nzeru zaumunthu malangizo, motsogoleredwa chitukuko wotsatira wa sayansi, positivism anali tate amene anali Ogyust Kont. Iye anakhulupirira kuti maziko a onse ayenera kukhala yekha nzeru zabwino, potengera zinachitikira experimentally anachokera.

Ngati nzeru nthawi amafotokozedwa kuti chiphunzitso zochokera chidziwitso cha munthu cha dziko mothandizidwa ndi kusinkhasinkha iye, Conte ananena kuti sanalinso ofunikira, monga maziko a nzeru zonse ziyenera mothandizidwa ndi mfundo. chiphunzitso chake chinakhala kutsogolera kwa chitukuko cha malangizo atsopano mu nzeru kale m'zaka 20.

The nzeru za m'ma 20

Karl Popper nawo malingaliro loyamba la sayansi ndi nzeru. Ngati m'zaka yapita, panali mikangano pakati pa anthu anzeru pankhaniyi, ndiye, Popper potsiriza anasonyeza kuti nzeru si sayansi, ndi mtundu wapadera chikhalidwe, amene ali achilendo njira yake kudziwa dziko.

Lero, chikhalidwe aloŵa mu muzochitika zonse. Pali nzeru za luso, chipembedzo, mbiri, ndale, zachuma, etc.

Kukhala ndi mmene dziko

M'zaka za m'ma 20 zinaoneka ndipo unakhala wotchuka mfundo worldview. Kudziwa kumasulira nzeru ayenera kudziwa kuti iye ngati:

• Poyamba, chinali chidziwitso cha kukhala ndi kuganizira za zochitika zosiyanasiyana zikuchitika m'dzikoli ndi zonse zimene zili mmenemo.
• Siteji yotsatira - kuphunzira munthu ndi malo ake Mwachoonadi.
• Chinthu wotsatira - chitukuko cha sayansi, ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa nzeru ngati chilango osiyana.

No sayansi chifukwa chakuti maphunziro kundu ya dziko, simungathe kulingalira ngati lonse. Lilipo nzeru yekha, choncho si sayansi, koma zingatenge sankamudziwa bwino ndi kuwapanga iwo chithunzi cha dziko.

Akamanena za munthuyo

Nthawi zonse Anzeruwo chidwi tanthauzo la moyo wa munthu ndi cholinga chake. Today magulu awa amadziwika kwambiri kuposa anzeru a Kale, koma mayankho okhazikika koma palibe amene analandira. Choncho nzeru akupitiriza kuphunzira wokhalapo monga microcosm wa chilengedwe chonse thupi lonse.