Natural kusankha. Zofunika kusankha. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za kusankha zinthu

Amayi athu chikhalidwe ndi wanzeru kwambiri. Ofooka ndi yosayenera kwa thupi chabe alibe mwayi wopulumuka. Kodi n'zotheka pa malamulo a chilengedwe kulola nyama odwala anapereka salimbikitsa ana? Kumene, kotero kuti zinthu zonse ndi nkhondo apulumuke. Wopambana wa nkhondo ndi amphamvu, amphamvu, Zamphamvu ndi wathanzi. Choncho masoka kusankha. Zofunika Kusankha ndi mmene m'nkhani mwatsatanetsatane.

Mfundo zamphamvu zokhazokha

Ngati mupereka tanthauzo, tingakhale kuti ndondomeko imeneyi, imbaenda ndi kuwonjezeka chiwerengero cha anthu ambiri yotheka ndi kusinthidwa. Ofooka ndi bwino ndinazolowera sitingapeze kupikisana. Kupanga zasokoneza amaona kusankha zamoyo, zinthu kusankha, monga muzu wa zimasintha onse ndi magulu maphunziro supraspecific.

Natural kusankha, ngakhale kuti zinali chifukwa cha anatengera zamoyo chilengedwe, koma si yekha ndiye ponena za kusanduka m'chilengedwe. Mawu akuti anayambitsa Charlz Darvin, amene ambiri a ntchito zake zoyenera kuphunzira funso limeneli.

Kumene ndizoonekeratu kusankha zamoyo

Chibadwa mu chamoyo chilichonse angathe masinthidwe, amene angayambe zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Mu ndondomeko ya kusankha zamoyo ndi kuphatikiza awo, koma okhawo amene amathandiza kuti anatengera zamoyo chilengedwe. Ndithu zambiri amatchedwa n'zodziŵika zachilengedwe limagwirira kusankha, monga ndizoonekeratu cha zinthu zingapo:

1. Aliyense chamoyo amatha kubereka kuwala kwambiri kuposa kupulumuka.
2. Mu anthu aliwonse, pali kusintha chibadwa, ndi zopangira kwa kusankha zamoyo.
3. Chibadwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana amasiyana mwa iwo wokha osati kupulumuka, komanso luso kubereka.

zinthu izi zimathandiza kuti chilengedwe cha mpikisano pakati pa zamoyo mu kupulumuka ndi kubalana, ndipo iwo ali onse chikhalidwe koyenera kuti zamoyo wa chilengedwe pogwiritsa kusankha zamoyo. Mu chikhalidwe, choncho anakonza zoti zamoyo ndi makhalidwe zaphindu cholowa kusamutsa iwo ana awo, pamene anthu popanda zapamwamba kwambiri, ndi mwayi zing'onozing'ono m'kupita.

limagwirira kusankha

chakuti chilengedwe anayala limagwirira kuti ndi ofanana ndi kusankha yokumba, kwa nthawi yoyamba analankhula Charles Darwin ndi Alfred Uoles. Iwo anali otsimikiza kuti chikhalidwe Sikuti wofufuza zinthu zonse - yokwanira kulenga lalikulu zosiyanasiyana za mbalame, Pakati pa Zamphamvu kupulumuka. Kusankha njira akhoza ankaimira motere:

1. Zikamera wa anthu ndi zinthu buku.
2. Ngati zizindikiro ndi wofunika, ndi chamoyo umapulumuka ndi kusiya mwana.
3. Ana adzalandira makhalidwe zothandiza ndi kuyamba kusamutsa mibadwo yawo ya m'tsogolo.

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano atulukira majini kusintha zawo, akamanena za Darwin akanali yemweyo. Mwina yekha kusintha kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri, koma si monga bwino monga ananena, chifukwa masinthidwe, amene ali likukulira m'chilengedwe.

Nkhani kuyambira pa kusankha zamoyo

Cholowa kusintha ndi chuma imbaenda kusankha zamoyo. kusintha onse cholowa amachitika chifukwa cha masinthidwe. Koma kusintha zinachokera chidwi ndi okhawo amene amakhudza maselo kugonana, chifukwa mwa iwo ndi kufala kwa uthenga ku m'badwo wotsatira.

masinthidwe ambiri khalidwe recessive, ie iwo mwina uwoneka kwa iwo mwamsanga monga chibadwa lalikulu ndi kuponderezedwa. Koma iwo akhoza kudziunjikira paliponse dziwe jini ya anthu sapita kwina, ngakhale, ndipo sikungawononge woyenerera ndi sizimawoneka phenotypically.

Mutational ndondomeko ndi mosalekeza, chiwerengero cha masinthidwe anasonkhanitsa mosalekeza, ndipo pa nthawi ina, pali awiri recessive jini ndi khalidwe kuwonetseredwa kwenikweni. Mfundo mosamala ndi kusintha chibadwa, koma kusintha zimenezi si nthawizonse adzatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu umoyo ndi kusinthasintha. Ndithu masinthidwe ochepa M'malo mwake, kuchepetsa ubwino monga imfayo chisokonezo zosiyanasiyana njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

Koma pali zitsanzo kumene masinthidwe mwakuwoneka zoipa ndi kusintha kwa zinthu aliko ndi zothandiza. Mu houseflies ndi kusintha kuti amachepetsa liwiro la zikhumbo mitsempha. Ngati chamoyo ndi homozygous kwa khalidwe anapatsidwa, ndiye kusintha ndi woopsa, koma nawobe viability wa heterozygotes, ngakhale otsika mu olimba anthu athanzi. Koma tikamva anthu ntchentche yokonza mitsempha heterozygotes amakhoza bwino kuposa anthu abwinobwino chifukwa cha liwiro zimachitika pang'onopang'ono imafoola zotsatira za poyizoni pa thupi.

Mitundu ya kusankha zamoyo

Nkhani kuyambira kwa kusankha - ndi kusintha chibadwa, koma chimayambitsa matenda opha angathe kusintha mu uthunthu osiyana. Malinga ndi kusankha mtundu uwu ndi zotsatirazi:

• Motsogoleredwa. Izo zimasiyanasiyana phindu avareji khalidwe kwa nthawi yaitali. Zikuphatikizapo kuwonjezeka mu kukula thupi.
• Zosokoneza kusankha umalimbana kusankha zizindikiro kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, waukulu kwambiri kapena M'malo mwake, zing'onozing'ono).
• Stabizirizuyuschy ukuperekedwa maonekedwe a makhalidwe kwambiri khalidwe.

Kugonana - kumakhalanso kusankha zamoyo. Mfundo kusankha mlingo - ndi khalidwe lililonse kuti kumawonjezera Mwina wa mating ndi kuwonjezeka chikoka cha munthu kapena atsikana. Bwino aona amuna a mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, antlers yaikulu mbawala yamphongo, kuwala mitundu ya nthenga mbalame).

Mawonekedwe kusankha zamoyo

mawonekedwe kusankha akhoza wachinsinsi m'njira zosiyanasiyana, koma i kusankha zakuthupi ndi pafupifupi yofanana:

• Phindu la khalidwe limeneli kwa anthu ambiri.
• Kufunika ndi kufunika kwa kupulumuka khalidwe nthaŵi zina.
• Zabwino yaikulu chuma cha mitundu Mbali.

Nkhani kusankha yokumba - kumakhalanso kusintha chibadwa, koma i ndi zina ndithu. Pali zizindikiro za kanjedza, amene koyenera kuti munthu, osati thupi, kumene iwo onse akhoza kukhala wowopsa kwambiri. Munthu angathe tchulani chitsanzo cha kuya kwa thanthwe, ndipo amatchedwa Pectoral Sandpiper. Ali ndi goitre zikuluzikulu, zimene zimawachititsa zachilendo ndi wokongola kwa munthu, koma mu chikhalidwe cha anthu amenewa adzafooka kwathunthu ndipo sangathe kupikisana ndi anzawo. Basi iwo sangathe kupeza chakudya chawo. Iwo likukhalira kuti kusankha zinthu ali ndi mfundo zosiyana kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi kusankha yokumba.

Malinga ndi zotsatira za kusankha kwa khalidwe masiyanidwe mu anthu ndi mitundu ya izo zotsatirazi:

1. Galimoto.
2. Wosasunthika.
3. Akugwera, kapena zosokoneza.

Pali kufunika kuti tione wina ndi kusankha payekha mwatsatanetsatane.

Features zazikulu kusankha

Chifukwa kusankha izi zonse kusintha kwa zinthu ndi kuli mitundu. Anthu amene ali ndi chifukwa pali zizindikiro zomwe kusiya kufunika pafupifupi chifukwa chakuti mfundo kusankha zamoyo amatipatsa kusintha chibadwa, angathe bwino. Ku mibadwomibadwo khalidwe kosangalatsa kumachitika m'njira zina, zotsatira aumbike ngati kuti amathandiza zamoyo kupulumuka mu chilengedwe chatsopano.

A chitsanzo chapadera ndi zamoyo wa coloration mu pamaphulikaphulika njenjete. Iye ali kuyambira pa chiyambi chake akukhala pa makungwa a mitengo birch, amene loyera. Choncho, mapiko a gulugufe nayenso ali woyera.

Koma ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale mpweya unayipitsidwa, mu mlengalenga panali zambiri utsi ndi mwaye kuti anakakhala pa makungwa a mitengo. Motero, mtundu wawo wakhala kutali woyera. Agulugufe onse mbadwa wopambana ndi chimodzi chifukwa masinthidwe anali mtundu mdima, monga kuwala Zinaonekeratu ndithu mbalame ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kudya. Choncho zinachita pang'onopang'ono amasintha mu njira agulugufe mtundu.

Chiwonetsero cha ofunika kusankha

Taganizirani ofunika kusankha zamoyo. Zofunika Kusankha pano - monga kusintha chibadwa, koma kanthu ake kale ukuperekedwa pakutchulidwa zolakwika mwakale. Tikhoza ndikupatsani chitsanzo: zamoyo zonse, zingatanthauze, chonde chinawonjezeka ndi wadidi basi chifukwa amatsogolera ndi kuwonjezeka mu kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Koma zoona si. Ubwino ndi munthu ndi kubereka pafupifupi monga kulera ana ambiri zovuta.

Kusankha mokomera ndi zaka Tingaone mu mbali zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame m'mphepete mwa nyanja bwino ndi mapiko a kukula sing'anga. Pamaso pa lalifupi n'zovuta kuwuluka, ndipo ngati motalika mphepo kusokoneza ndege.

Olimba kusankha kumathandiza kuti pakhale kusintha pa anthu. Ngakhale zinthu khola la mbalame sikumachititsa kuti analeka kusankha zamoyo zinachita kusanduka ambiri. Mtundu wa zitsanzo zosankhidwazi amapereka chamoyo khola la thupi zinthu mwachizolowezi yozungulira.

zosokoneza kusankha

Mu mawonekedwe kusankha zinthu kuli ali oyenera monyanyira cha khalidwe la. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pali njira zingapo aliko.

Zosokoneza zokhazokha kumayambitsa mapangidwe polymorphism, komanso kukhala chifukwa cha mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano zamoyo.

Kusankha Izi zimadza mu mphamvu pamene anthu amatenga inhomogeneous malo. zosiyanasiyana kuti azolowere niches osiyana ndi zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, mbewu kulira ali m'mitundu iwiri - munthu wayamba pachimake ndi kubala zipatso mu pakati chilimwe, ndipo chachiwiri - pambuyo yokolola udzu, mwachitsanzo, mu August.

Ntchito zabwino ndi kusankha zoipa

M'malo mwake, si udindo ndi kusankha njira kuti ndi zotsatira zosiyana.

1. zotsatira zabwino kusankha mu kuchuluka kwa zinthu kukhala zothandiza kupulumuka mu izi zikhalidwe, zizindikiro, kuwonjezeka kupulumuka kwa mtundu wonse.
2. Zoipa, kapena limatchedwanso odulidwa wolemera kusankha, kumabweretsa chiwonongeko cha anthu ndi zizindikiro kwambiri amachepetsa kupulumuka ndi olimba. Kusankha izi kwa anthu amathandiza kuchotsa alleles zoipa.

zotsatira kusankha

Tapeza kuti kusankha zinthu, ankaona mawonekedwe ake. Koma m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse zotsatira amapereka kusankha makamaka. Galimoto kumayambitsa zikamera zipangizo zatsopano, zikusonyeza zotsatira zake:

1. KUCHULUKA. Amenewa limasonyeza kudzikundikira makhalidwe zothandiza ku mibadwomibadwo. Izi akugwira ntchito osati thupi komanso mabungwe munthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka forebrain, ndi chitukuko cha kotekisi oziziritsa - zonsezi ndi chitsanzo cha galimoto accumulator kusankha.
2. zotsatira Wasintho ndi kuti nakweza zizindikiro zothandiza ndi kufooketsa anaonetsa anthu amene ataya phindu dziphunzitsiranso.

Kulankhula ambiri za kusankha (chuma masiyanidwe ndi masoka kusankha), mukhoza mayina wogawa zotsatira ndipo zogwiriziza.

Loyamba ndilochokera kuti zinthu zabwino kwambiri, tizilombo nthawi zambiri ndi moyo ndi kubereka. Kodi zinthu izi si akwaniritsa zonse, ndi mavuto kupulumuka ndi chonde.

Kuthandiza tingati ndi mbali dziphunzitsiranso mwina kuchepetsedwa, izo achuluke kapena kukhala pa mlingo chomwecho.

Mfundo kusankha zamoyo ndi kusintha chibadwa, koma si chinthu chokha chimene chimapangitsa kuti zamoyo wa zamoyo.

Udindo wa kusankha zamoyo zinangokhalako

Ngakhale Charles Darwin anapereka kanjedza kwa kusankha zamoyo zinangokhalako. Modern chiphunzitso kupanga komanso amaona yang'anira yaikulu ya chitukuko ndi zikamera wa zimasintha pa zamoyo.

Mu zaka 19-20 yoyambirira ya chikhalidwe apawokha wa majini a makhalidwe kwachititsa akatswiri ena a sayansi kukana udindo wa kusankha zamoyo. Kupanga zasokoneza, lomwe limatchedwanso Wachiwiri-Darwin zachokera pa kusanthula kachulukidwe wa pafupipafupi alleles kwa anthu amene kusintha mchikakamizo cha chimodzimodzi kusankha zamoyo.

Koma sayansi alibe kuima, ndi atulukira m'zaka za posachedwapa m'madera osiyanasiyana kutsimikizira kulephera kwa chiphunzitso chakale kupanga kufotokoza mokoma zonse zamoyo wa zamoyo.

Mikangano ndi kutsutsana za udindo wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana mu chitukuko mbiri ya dziko wamoyo ndipo akupitiriza lero. Mwina pali funso limene kuli kovuta kupereka yankho lachindunji. Koma tikhoza kunena chinthu chimodzi: nthawi zacha, pamene chiphunzitso lonse la kusanduka amafuna younikanso.