Ndodo ndi madera

Ndodo ndi dera

anthu wosazindikira kwa zaka anali magulu aang'ono kwambiri. Community (gulu) pa archanthropines siteji kwa nthawi Neolithic si upambana chiwerengero cha anthu 20 mpaka 30. mudziwe Komabe, zilipo; pafupifupi satchula kapangidwe mkati mwa magulu amenewa ndi mabwenzi awo. ethnologists yekha, kusunga moyo wa magulu wosazindikira za masiku ano, akuunika nkhani ino ..
Ndodo - mmodzi wa akuluakulu anayamba dziko achikale. Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma XIX. ndi Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe oyamba udindo wa zodabwitsazi amaona nampatsa malongosoledwe a sayansi Bambo L. Morgan. Malinga ndi tanthauzo lake, limene kwakukulukulu zimabweretsa ake patali chotero, mtundu - gulu la anthu kutsogolera mbadwa za ku kholo limodzi (weniweni kapena nthano) pa imodzi mwa mizere iwiri - amuna (kwa atate kwa ana) kapena wamkazi (mayi ana); . Khalidwe la mtundu - exogamy, mwachitsanzo, kuletsa kukwatira anthu a mtundu wawo; mamembala onse a mtundu wa akuyenera kuthandizana ndi zovuta kubwezera imfa kapena kuvulala achibale awo chifukwa anthu ku genera ena; mamembala a mtundu ndi ogwirizana monga mwambo wachipembedzo, chinthu chachikulu cha kupembedza nthawi zambiri amachita kholo limodzi; makolo nthawi zambiri chimakhala chizindikiro chopatulika cha mgwirizano mafuko (totem), dzina lake mamembala amadzitcha okha mtundu (-Iroquois Indians - "anthu mphungu", "anthu a kamba kuti:" etc ...). Imodzi mwa mbali ya gulu mafuko - mu mtundu wonse sangakhoze konse kukhala mu gulu lomwelo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti malinga ndi mwambo wa exogamy atsikana ndi anyamata mtundu wa amakakamizidwa kuti akwatire anthu a mtundu zosiyana. Ngati mtundu virilokalen (banja zikukhazikitsa mu timu mkwatibwi), ndiye ngati gulu chofunika momwemo akazi a amuna amene anachokera mtundu wina, ndi alongo, ndi ana aakazi a anthu kupita ku magulu ena. Pamene mpikisano uksorilokalen (banja zikukhazikitsa mu timu Mkwatibwi) M'malo mwake, mnyamatayo mutakwatirana akusiya gulu, kumene rodilis.Vse izo amamangirira zofunika kwambiri kuti chodabwitsa cha moyo wosazindikira, ngati dera, T. E. A gulu la anthu ogwirizana osati zikulumikizana mafuko, komanso dera okhala, ndiponso m'banja.
ammudzi akufanana gulu kupanga, amene mamembala ntchito pamodzi ndi kunyeketsa mankhwala ntchito yawo pa maziko a mfundo za kufanana, mosaganizira zoti ndi osiyana mafuko. Pakati ndiwe wa mtundu zofunika pa kulambira (alendo kwa nthaŵi saloledwa), motsatizana akulu kapena udindo wotsogolera. kulankhulana angaperekedwe nthawi kupitirira ammudzi.
A mtundu maternally lililonse kwa koyamba gawo prehistory. Choncho ankaganiza mpaka ndi posachedwapa, ndipo anali kugwirizana ndi udindo lalikulu m'nyengo akazi anthu ( "matriarchy" mphamvu kwa mayi) .Etnologicheskie zokhudza anthu wosazindikira onse m'maiko a Dziko Lapansi siligwirizana ndi maganizo amenewa ndipo zakale zokumba pansi, ndi chikhalidwe chawo, simungathe kupereka umboni mwachindunji kulondola kapena oshibochnosti.Otmechennye ake zizindikiro za mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha kuphatikiza ake ndi anthu okha mfundo anachokera ku nkhani yaikulu ethnological. Mu sayansi muzindikira ndi yaikulu zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya limodzi-mafuko organizatsii.Razlichiya pakati pa mitundu ya nthawi ndi magawo: pali anthu amene anaima siteji akalandire chithandizo, imene alimi, kuphatikizapo osapitirira 15 anthu, chikugwirizana ndi ubale mophweka zimakhalira (consanguine chitaganya) popanda kutitu aliyense limodzi mzere chiyambi. Koma zimakhala wosazindikira alenje ndi okolola, tikukhala mu mavuto a rainforest otentha (nambikvara Amazon, ndi kyubu kwa chilumba cha Sumatra, ndi zina zotero. D.). Kudziwitsa anthu, dera, amene ndi mtundu umodzi wa (Papuans), pamene mafuko patsogolo kwambiri (Amwenye a North .Ameriki, Melanesians) dera zambiri imakhala magulu angapo generic ofanana (sakanikira dera).

Pakuti madera ambiri a ku chilumba cha New Guinea, asezare Papuans, yodziwika ndi dera mafuko, amene manambala kawirikawiri upambana anthu 100. Mu gulu chonchi, inu nthawi zonse kupeza mitundu itatu waukulu wa anthu: 1) anthu a mtundu umodzi * amapanga maziko a m'deralo kuti moyo mosiyana ndi ena, makamaka nyumba anthu; 2) amayi awo ndi akazi, kukhala kwake banja ndi ana awo; woimira genera ena ndipo anabwera mogwirizana ndi ukwati wa malo ena; 3) alongo ndi ana aakazi a anthu amene ali osakhalitsa, monga posapita nthawi adzapatsidwa mu ukwati ndi kusiya midzi. Male dera amachita ntchito kwambiri amagwira kwambiri kuti kudula mitengo ndi minda ya mbewu otentha: yams, taro, mbatata. magulu Cohesive ndi mafuko kutsitsimuka, zambiri za gulu la mpatuko. Zonsezi Siyanitsani zikuchepa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi (m'madera ena ngakhale zinenero zosiyanasiyana).
Papuan m'dera mafuko zoona, mtundu osiyana ndi chinenero mwini wake, miyambo ndi chikhalidwe. Nthawi zambiri dzina la anthu, ammudzi anamasuliridwa kuti "ife anthu", limene ankakhulupirira kuti moyandikana magulu zofanana, kuphatikizapo akazi awo, si anthu.