Mpainiya - Apainiya Soviet Union ndi ...

Inu mukudziwa tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mpainiya"? Kodi izo zinachokera kuti? Wina wotchedwa choncho? Awa ndi mafunso ena ife adzayankha m'nkhani ino. Otchedwa apainiya apainiya apainiya. Ndipo ngakhale wotchedwa positi asilikali motsatizanatsatizana asilikali ukachenjede wa Asilikali onyamula zida za Russian Ufumu wa zaka XVIII-XIX ndi mayiko ena amakono (mwachitsanzo, Germany).

Kutchula mawu akuti "mpainiya", munthu akhoza kukhala mu malingaliro dzuwa kapena sapper limati German, kapena anyankhondo, akhatsogolera yomanga earthworks, staging milatho, kukumba ngalande, misewu aone kuti pali ndi zina zotero. Ndipo komabe iwo amachitcha mamembala a gulu Waupainiya - magulu ana chikominisi mu USSR ndi zina limati zokomera, analengedwa ndi miyezo ya zinthu Scouting.

mtengo

Malinga ndi Efraimu, mpainiya - ndi amene poyamba ulendo wake watsopano, unexplored dera kapena dziko, ndipo anayamba kuphunzira. Choncho ndi amene anaika maziko a zinthu zatsopano m'munda wa chikhalidwe, sayansi kapena munda wina wa ntchito. Efremov komanso akukhulupirira kuti Apainiya mamembala onse a mapangidwe chikominisi ana kuti asilikali ndi mayunitsi sapper la asilikali zomangamanga. Ushakov ndipo amayaka ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana mawu. Mu dikishonare imanena Dahl kuti poyamba anakhala apainiya ndi kavalo.

magwero

Choncho tanthauzo "upainiya"? mawu chabwerekedwa anthu Chirasha wa Chifulenchi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII ndipo icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza "wankhondo phazi msilikali." M'kupita kwa nthawi, kutanthauzira uwu wapita pansi mu mbiriyakale, ndipo mawu akuti "mpainiya" anayamba kuitana apainiya - anthu amene akuyaka njinga yatsopano.

Pamene anamaliza October 1917 mu Russia anayamba kukhazikitsa magulu upainiya ana, amene mamembala anafuna kukhala woyamba zonse. Iwo akufuna zochitika zosiyanasiyana kuti pakhale "njira za mawa chowala."

Asilikali loyamba

Apainiya ... ali ndani? Onse-dzina tsiku apainiya ankaona May 19, 1922. Tsiku lomwelo, pa 2 Onse-Russian Congress ya Young League Communist, anaganiza kuti akonze magulu upainiya kudutsa dziko. Bungwe wotchuka kuyambira 1924 ili ndi dzina V. I. Lenina. Mu 1925, boma linakhazikitsa nyuzipepala "Mpainiya choonadi", omwe kaŵirikaŵiri chachikulu amatchedwa "mpainiya".

The mayunitsi woyamba krasnogalstuchnikov anachita pa YCL formations m'mafakitale, mu maofesi, kutenga mbali zoyeretsa, kuthandiza kuthetsa umbuli, kuthana ndi kusowa pokhala. Kuyambira 1920s lapansi. mabungwe amenewa ankaikidwa mu sukulu. Aliyense kusukulu wakhala mpainiya kumuwombera, ndi m'kalasimo - phwando. Kodi mpainiya pafupifupi mwana wa zaka 9-10. Pa mwambo kudzipereka ana anatenga lumbiriro, alonjeza kuti "moyo, nkhondo ndi kuphunzira, anapatsa kwa Lenin lalikulu, ngati anaphunzitsidwa ndi Party Communist."

Mpainiya - ndi chizindikiro cha m'nthawi ya Soviet Union. Anavala tayi chofiira (monga chizindikiro cha chosintha mbendera wofiira), chizindikirochi ndi Mwambi wa "Wokonzeka!" Ndipo zithunzi za Malawi a moto, mbiri Lenin ndi nyenyezi zisanu zisonga. A malo aakulu mu ntchito za ana wotanganidwa krasnogalstuchnoy kuziteteza asilikali ntchito: anamwino mugs maziko marksmen wamng'ono, mauthenga, anakonza masewera ndi masewera ankhondo.

zoyenda

Kodi mukudziwa kuti mpainiya - ichi ndi chitsanzo kwa onse? Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World ku Soviet Union panali gulu misa Timur, dzina monga dzina la nkhani ngwazi "Timur ndi gulu lake" omwe unalembedwa ndi A. P. Gaydar. Upainiya mofanana ndi mankhwala a m'nkhaniyi anathandiza olumala mabanja asilikali, okalamba. Mu nthawi unawonongedwa timurovtsi ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Bolsheviks akale, anasonkhana pepala zinyalala ndi zitsulo zotha m'nyengo yozizira, chilimwe - zitsamba, anathandiza anamenyela nkhondo, ntchito yokolola.

M'dziko panali dongosolo zachifumu (nyumba) Mpainiya ndi magulu osiyanasiyana (luso, masewera, luso), ndi m'misasa mpainiya, pamene ana pa maholide awo chilimwe. makhalidwe kuvomerezedwa moyo wa establishments chatha anali campfires ndi songs, madzulo ndi m'mawa mzere (yomanga mayunitsi zonse), kuyamba ndi obadwa a mbendera, chindapusa krasnogalstuchnikov (misonkhano zoyenera mitu yosiyanasiyana kukonda dziko lako). The bwino kuti "Eaglet" ndi "Artek" misasa Young Waupainiya, yomwe inali pa Nyanja Black. Mpainiya zaka linamalizidwa mu zaka 14, ndipo ana ambiri m'gulu la Komsomol.

mofulumira

Choncho, taona kuti mpainiya - mnzake wodalirika. Mwatsoka, pambuyo kugwa kwa USSR gulu chodabwitsa izo chakwera ntchito zake. Mu Russia lero pali magulu upainiya koma iwo ali ochepa osati wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa ana. Mu 1990, ntchentche. ena formations chikhalidwe anayesa m'malo anasowa Scout Movement gulu kuti unagwira ntchito chisanadze chosintha Russia, komanso sanali kubweretsa zotsatira.

publicism

Masiku ano, anthu ambiri amafunsa kuti zimene mpainiya. The tanthauzo la mawu iyiwalika ambiri. Komabe, zambiri nyimbo ndi mabuku zalembedwa krasnogalstuchnikah USSR, anajambula, ambiri mwa thupi ulibe ntchito luso. Tikumbukenso kuti omvera kwenikweni ankakonda sewero lanthabwala a msasa m'chilimwe "Welcome, mlendo kapena athandizira vospreschon!".

M'mawu lero, makamaka achikulire, inu nthawi zina kumva mawu akuti "mpainiya (Waupainiya)," ie, "kuchita chinachake mu kulangidwa, omvera." Ndipo mawu akuti "nthawi zonse wokonzeka!" Kumatanthauza chilolezo ndi wofunitsitsa kuchita chilichonse. Mu Soviet utolankhani krasnogalstuchnikov otchedwa wamng'ono Leninists (kumbali ya V. I. Lenina).

tayi

Kudzera mwa mapangidwe linapanga cadres latsopano ana dziko la Soviet. Makolo ena analetsa ana kukhala apainiya, koma analowa m'gulu lake. Iwo anali kubisala kwa amayi ndi abambo zikulumikizana. Mu USSR, pafupifupi ana anali apainiya. mwana woyamba kupita ku sukulu, ndipo iye analandira mu Octobrists, kenako monyadira ankavala pa chifuwa asterisk wake ndi chithunzi cha lopotana tsitsi mnyamata.

Pamene mwana akutembenukira zaka 9, candidacy wake wavomerezedwa pa wagawo msonkhano, ndipo kenako anadzipereka kwa apainiya. Ndipo potsiriza, pa mapeto a kafukufuku monga "chomaliza mapangidwe wophunzira aliyense," iye anamupereka Komsomol baji.

Aliyense anafunikira kumavala mpainiya Waupainiya tayi. Iye akanakhoza kukhala ku nsalu iliyonse, koma nthawi zonse ankayenera kuti akhale wofiira. Ophunzira anatha zomangira mfundo zapadera. Ngati mwana wanu afika ku sukulu ndi rumpled, taye yake mofulumira kapena popanda izo, chinali chinthu chochititsa manyazi. Upainiya nthawi zonse kukhala zaukhondo, kuika ulemu kuvala zizindikiro za bungwe lawo.

kuchita malekezero atatu tayi chiyani? Amatero umodzi wolimba mibadwo itatu: achikomyunizimu, apainiya ndi mamembala Komsomol. M'mayiko ena, kayendedwe mu mpango chofiiracho popanda kusintha kulikonse (Moldova, Venezuela, Korea North, China, Cuba, Vietnam).

ngwazi

apainiya Soviet, anatsiriza ft pa mapangidwe wa Soviet Union, Wachiwiri World nkhondo, wotchedwa otchuka.

mafano awo ankagwiritsa ntchito mu Soviet Union chitsanzo cha makhalidwe abwino apamwamba. Mu 1954, mndandanda boma la ngwazi apainiya analengedwa, ndipo unalembedwa Ulemu Bukhu la Onse-Union Young Waupainiya Organization dzina la V. I. Lenina, kwa amene Ufumuyo Bukhu Ulemu mayunitsi m'dera krasnogalstuchnikov.

yankhondo

Wotchuka apainiya ngwazi za Wamkulu kukonda dziko lako nkhondo? Kale m'masiku oyambirira a kumenyana Brest Linga wolemekezeka 14 wazaka Klypa Petya - maphunziro a platoon nyimbo. apainiya ambiri anamenyana ndi Anazi mu Magulu olimbanawo, amene anali m'gululi ndipo saboteurs, ndipo anachititsa ntchito mobisa.

Wa partisans wamng'ono otchuka Dubinin Volodya, Kazei Marat, Golikov Lenya, Zhora Antonenko, Valya Kotik. Onse a iwo anafa pankhondo koma Dubinina Volodi, chakumene pa Bomba. Aliyense wa iwo, kupatula overage Golikova Loni, pa nthawi ya imfa inali zaka 13-14.

Nthawi zambiri, ophunzira atamenya mayunitsi ankhondo (otchedwa "aakazi ndi ana a regiments" - amadziwika nkhani ya Kataeva Valentina "Mwana wa Regiment").

Apainiya a Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo anasonyeza makhalidwe awo abwino nkhondoyo. Choncho, 15 wazaka Chekmak Vilor mtengo wa moyo wake kupulumutsa detachment olimbanawo wa Sevastopol. Mphale akhali chikhalidwe mtima, iye anali mwana, koma mu 1941, mu August, analowa mu nkhalango ndi partisans lapansi. Iye ndinali pa kulondera pa November 10, kotero woyamba kuona akuyandikira Chilango detachment. Vilor mfuti anachenjeza za kuopa zigaŵenga zankhondo, ndipo wina anatenga polimbana achifasizimu a. Pamene iye anathamangira kunja kwa zipolopolo, ankayembekezera adani azifika pafupi kwambiri kwa iye ndi analiza yekha ndi Nazi grenade. Vilor anaikidwa m'manda mu manda a World nkhondo II anamenyela m'mudzi Dergachi, pafupi Sevastopol.

The kwambiri chinkhoswe apainiya kwambiri? Iwo Zombo Zankhondo anyamata sitima anatumikira mu kumbuyo Soviet akuchita m'mafakitale ndi n'kubweretsa akulu anapita kutsogolo, anatenga gawo podziteteza boma.

Pa siteshoni Obol (Vitebsk dera) Komsomol mobisa bungwe "Young obwezera" analengedwa. Iwo anachita upainiya Portnova Zina, chibatizidwireni ya Komsomol mobisa, anaphedwa ndi Anazi ndi Hero wa Soviet Union atamwalira kupereka udindowo.

Zikwizikwi anyamata anapatsidwa kwa mtengo wa asilikali kuti:

• Dongosolo la Red Chabwino anali kupereka - Yuliy Kantemirov, Dubinin Volodya, Makarikhin Andrey, Konstantin Kravchuk Kamanin Arkady ;
• Dongosolo la Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Shumov Tolya, Kaznacheev Volodya, Lenya Golikov Chekalin dzina lake Aleksandr;
• Dongosolo la Red Star - Samoruha Volodya Efremov Alex, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (kawiri);
• Dongosolo la kukonda dziko lako nkhondo 1 digiri - Volkov Valery, Klypa Pete, Kovalov Sasha.

apainiya ambiri anapatsidwa ndi Mendulo "olimbanawo wa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo" oposa 15 000 - n'kulandira mendulo "Pakuti chitetezo cha Leningrad", pa 20 000 Mendulo "Pakuti Kuteteza Moscow".

Hero wa Soviet Union akhala kupereka apainiya zisanu: Golikov Lenya, Valya Kotik, Kazei Marat, Portnova Zina, Chekalin Alexander. Ambiri a asilikali wamng'ono anaphedwa pa nkhondo kapena anaphedwa ndi a ku Germany. The ya maina a ana m'gulu mu "Buku Ulemu wa Onse-Union Young Waupainiya Organization dzina la V. I. Lenina" ndi anakwezedwa udindo wa "Apainiya-ngwazi".