Nkhondo ya Kunersdorf. Zotsatira za nkhondo zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri '

Nkhondo ya Kunersdorf anali mmodzi wa nkhondo yaikulu ya zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi khalidwe yokhala ndi zotsatira za kupambana kwa zifukwa zingapo wopambana sindikanakhoza kutenga katundu. Choncho, zotsatira za zaka seveni nkhondo nkhondo ya kunersdorf sanalemberetu, ndi zifukwa zina. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi sasiya tanthauzo la nkhondo mu zochitika za luso la nkhondo.

Zimayambitsa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri 'Nkhondo

Chifukwa chachikulu kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo kutsutsana kukula pakati mphamvu yaikulu European: Prussia ndi Great Britain pa dzanja limodzi ndi Woyera wa Roma wa banja lolamulira la Habsburg, France, Spain ndi Russian Ufumu - pa ena. Kulowa nkhondo ndi chiwerengero cha limati ang'onoang'ono. Phunziro la makani anali kuuluka mu madera kunja, komanso mkangano Kupititsa pakati pa Prussian Hohenzollern ndi Habsburg Austria za Silesia.

Ambiri a mitundu kwambiri European anali osakhutira kuwuka kwa Prussia, lomwe linaphwanya dongosolo alipo ubale geopolitical. Pa nthawi yomweyo pakati pa korona British ndi France akukhala mikangano madera kunja kudutsa mu nkhondo m'deralo. Izi zachititsa kuti mgwirizano British ndi Prussians, amene anali French. Russian Mfumukazi Elizabeth komanso sanali mmene chinawonjezeka Frederick II - Mfumu ya Prussia.

Inayamba nkhondo

Ankhondo poyamba asilikali Prussian. Kumbali yawo, zinali ngati kuponya chisanadze emptive. Frederick II - Mfumu ya Prussia - sanafune kudikira kufikira pamene adani ake ambiri asonkhana maulamuliro onse ndi kuchita mayiko awo.

Mu August 1756, asilikali Prussian atalanda chisankho cha Saxony, amene anali ndi amene angakuthandizeni wa ku Austria banja lolamulira la Habsburg. Mwamsanga wotanganidwa ukulu uwu. Mwamsanga pambuyo pake, ndi Russian ndi Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma kulengeza nkhondo pa Prussia.

Pa 1757 kumenyana pakati pa Habsburg ndi asilikali Prussian anayenda ndi osiyana la bwino. Pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha ntchito yogwira nkhondowo anasonkhana pamodzi ndi Sweden ndi Russia, amene anali mkulu wa asilikali, Field polimbana Stepan Fedorovich Apraksin. Ndithu zochita lokhalamo asilikali Russian inatha mu chigonjetso wanzeru pa Gross-Egersdorf.

Mu 1758 lamulo la asilikali Russian adauzidwa General Fermor. Poyamba, pansi pa utsogoleri wake asilikali anachita m'malo bwinobwino. Koma mu August, nkhondo ya zorndorf, sanali kubweretsa kupulumutsa chipani kapena, koma n'kofunika anadzimana kwambiri.

nkhondo madzulo a nkhondo a kunersdorf

M'chaka cha 1759, mkulu wa asilikali Russian anaikidwa ambiri-mu-akulu Petr Semenovich Saltykov. Iye ankaona ngati mkulu odalirika ndi ozindikira koma mpaka palibe chithandizo chapadera palibe iye.

Motsogozedwa, dziko la Russia anayenda kumadzulo kwa a Oder Mtsinje, akufuna kuphatikiza ndi asilikali Austria. Pa kusintha, June 23, 1759, ku Prussian Corps, wopangidwa mwa 28,000 anagonjetsedwa ku Paltsige. Choncho bwinobwino PS Saltykov anayamba nkhondo. Posachedwa Russian ndi Austria makamu anagwirizana Frankfurt ndi der Oder.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Frederick II anali kulingalira mphamvu limodzi akufuna kuti akunde pa nkhondo chinsinsi, ndipo potero kuti adzawapatse ntchito yofunika kwambiri zochita za nkhondo lonse.

August 12 otsutsa makamu anakumana kuyesa kuthetsa tsogolo la nkhondo la nkhondo yodziwika monga Nkhondo ya Kunersdorf. Chaka 1759 zinali zodzaza ndi loyamba la nkhondo lalikulu.

mphamvu za zipani

Ku malo a nkhondo, amene anadzakhala kudziwika monga nkhondo ya kunersdorf, Prussian Korol Fridrih II anatsogolera gulu wopangidwa mwa asilikali 48.000. Ambiri a iwo anali odziwa anamenyela, kudutsa sukulu Prussian usilikali, ndiponso nawo nkhondo zambiri kuposa wina. 200 zidutswa zida zankhondo anali Komanso, asilikali Prussian.

Monga mbali ya asilikali Russian, panali asilikali makumi chikwi. Komanso, PS Saltykov wogwidwa apakavalo ongokhala 5200 Kalmyk okwera. asilikali Austria motsogozedwa ndi Ernst Gideon Von Lauda owerengedwa asilikali 18.500 ndi apakavalo. The Union Army anali chiwerengero cha zidutswa zida zankhondo 248-TH.

Malo a asilikali pamaso nkhondo

Asilikali Prussian ndi muyezo njira. Mphamvu yaikulu anali pakati, yomwe ili m'mbali mwa asilikali okwera pamahatchi, ndi vanguard yaing'ono anakankhidwira pang'ono patsogolo.

Russian ndi Austria asilikali misasa mapiri atatu. Kotero iwo anayesera kuti akhale ndi mwayi pa mdani. Okwera anali omasuka chokaniora udindo wawo, koma kwa mdani iwo anali chidwi kwambiri chotchinga.

Ndi malo a anagwirizana mphamvu kunathandiza kwambiri mmene nkhondo Kunersdorf. Commander Saltykov anali magulu waukulu pakati. Lamanzere pambali wa asilikali Russian analamula Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn. Popeza anali kugwirizana anafooka kwa anagwirizana mphamvu, m'chinyumba ichi mu ambiri a mwa omwe analembedwa kumene usilikali, Frederick II ankaganiza ndi kwa Iye kuti ayike kuwawa a asilikali.

mafunde a nkhondo

Nkhondo ya Kunersdorf anayamba pa naini koloko m'mawa, pamene zida zankhondo Prussian anatsegula moto pa makamu anagwirizana. Malangizo a moto wambiri mbali ya pambali yakumanzere ya asilikali Russian, molamulidwa ndi Prince Golitsyn. Pa 10 am, chinatseguka kubwerera moto wa zida zankhondo Russian. Komabe, nchito zake zakhala zochepa kwambiri kuposa Prussian. Patatha ola lina la asilikali mdani anaukira oyenda anafooka kumanzere mapiko a asilikali Russian. Pamaso pa mphamvu zoposa za Prussians unit molamulidwa ndi Prince Golitsyn, zinali kuti abwerere.

Pankhondo imeneyi asilikali a Frederick II anakwanitsa kugwila pafupifupi Russian zida zankhondo. Mfumu ya Prussia lapambana, ndipo ngakhale anatuma mthenga ku likulu la dziko ndi Uthenga uwu.

Koma magulu anagwirizana chiyani n'komwe kusiya kukana. Petr Semenovich Saltykov analamula kusamutsa mphamvu zina kutalika kwa Spitsbergen, amene pa nthawi anali kumenyana kowopsa. Kuika kutigwira pa anagwirizana mphamvu, Frederick II anaganiza ntchito apakavalo. Koma chifukwa cha mtunda m'mapiri a dzuwa wake wakhala yafupika kwambiri. Anagwirizana asilikali anatha kutaya nagonjetsa Prussian ndi kuponyera kumbali asilikali a Frederick ku kutalika kwa Spitsbergen.

kulephera uyu anali oopsa khamu Prussian. Ambiri a atsogoleri ake anaphedwa, ndi Friedrich pang'ono kuphedwa. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, iye anazolowera mpaka nkhokwe yake yomaliza - cuirassiers. Koma iwo kutengeka ndi a Kalmyk apakavalo.

Pambuyo kuti zonse amanyansidwa lankhondo. Asilikali Prussian anathamangira kuthawa, koma kudziponya pa ulendo kwambiri kukula zinthu. Frederick II ichi sankadziwa amenewa linagonja. Wa asilikali 48.000 wa mfumu anali wokhoza kuti mupewe danga nkhondo ndi atatu okha zikwi amuna amphamvu. Choncho itatha nkhondo ya Kunersdorf.

zomvetsa pamagulu

Pa nkhondo, kupha anthu 6271 ku asilikali Prussian. 1356 asilikali asowa, ngakhale, osalephera, ambiri a iwo anapeza imfa. Anthu 4599 anatengedwa ukapolo. Komanso, mu 2055 msilikali anathawira. Koma gawo lofunika kwambiri pakati zomvetsa Prussian unalasidwa - 11342 munthu. Mwachibadwa, iwo akanakhoza kukhala zonse kunachitika mayunitsi nkhondo. Total zomvetsa wa asilikali Prussian anali 25623 munthu.

Asilikali anagwirizana anali kutaya chimodzimodzi. Choncho, anaphedwa anthu 7060, umene 5.614 Russian ndi 1.446 Austrians. asilikali akusowa mu 1150, zomwe 703 Russian. chiwerengero cha anavulazidwa kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu 15.300. Komanso, pa chiyambi cha nkhondo asilikali Prussian analanda asilikali zikwi zisanu za Union Army. Total zomvetsa anakwana anthu 28512.

pambuyo nkhondo

Motero, gulu lankhondo Prussian anagonja wankhanza amene amalembedwa Nkhondo ya Kunersdorf. 1759 zikhoza kukhala nthawi ya chiwonongeko chotheratu cha Ufumu wa Prussia. Frederick II anali amuna amphamvu atatu okha zikwi amene sangathe kukana yabwino kwa makamu anagwirizana, analipo zikwizikwi anthu. Njira Berlin kwa asilikali Russian linatsegulidwa. Ngakhale Friedrich pa nthawi ankakhulupirira kuti boma lake posachedwapa kufika pa mapeto. Kale chaka chino, zotsatira za zaka seveni nkhondo akanatha mwachidule. Komabe, kenaka mulibe otchedwa.

Chozizwitsa cha Nyumba ya Brandenburg

Komabe, ngakhale chiyembekezo chidaliro kwa makamu anagwirizana, nkhondo ya Kunersdorf anali akulephera kupanga yojambula zikuluzikulu mu njira ya ntchito ya usilikali. Ichi chinali chifukwa kukhalapo kwa angapo kusiyana atsogoleri a asilikali a ku Russia ndi ku Austria. Pa nthawi imeneyo, kunali kofunika kukonza mphezi ndi chamtsogolo Berlin, iwo anatenga makamu awo asanafike tigwirizane pa zochita zina olowa. Ndipo onse Russian ndi Austrians ananena kuti mbali zina za izo ziri mwa kuphwanya mapangano.

Chotero kusatsatira Union army ouziridwa Friedrich, anataya chiyembekezo cha zinthu ziwayendere bwino dziko lawo. Patangotha masiku ochepa anatha mphambu asilikali tridtsatitrehtysyachnuyu kachiwiri. Tsopano aliyense ankakhulupirira kuti mphamvu anagwirizana sadzatha kuti agwirizane popanda kukana achiwawa Berlin. Komanso pali kukayikira kwambiri kuti likulu Prussian ambiri azitenga.

Ndipotu, chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mugwirizano lamulo la mphamvu anagwirizana anataya mwayi wa kukhala analandira pambuyo nkhondo ya kunersdorf. Izi ndi zabwino okha mwangozi Frederick II akuti "Chozizwitsa cha Brandenburg kunyumba."

Njira zina mkanganowo

Ngakhale okwana tsoka Prussia anakwanitsa kupewa, mopitirira nkhondo mu 1759 si mu mtima wake. asilikali Frederick II anagonja akutiakuti. Prussia ndi England anakakamizika kuti upeze mtendere, koma Russia ndi Austria, poganiza kutsiriza mdani, mgwirizano sanapite.

Panthawiyi English zombo anatha kupereka kugonjetsedwa yaikulu kwa French mu Kiberonskom Bay ndi Frederick II mu 1760 anagonjetsa Austrians pa Torgau. Komabe, kupambana woopsa.

Ndiye kumenyanako kunapitirira yosiyana bwino. Koma mu 1761 ku Austria ndi Russian makamu anali kachiwiri atachititsidwa mndandanda wa onongani kulephera Prussian boma, umene pang'ono ankakhulupirira kuti achire.

Kachiwiri Frederick II, anapulumutsidwa mozizwitsa. Russian Ufumu mtendere ndi iye. Komanso, analowa nkhondo kumbali ya adani posachedwapa. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti Mfumukazi Elizabeti, amene ankaona kuopseza Prussian, anatenga pa mpando wachifumu wa German wobadwa Peter III, kwenikweni amalambira Frederick II. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti korona Prussian kachiwiri opulumutsidwa.

Kumalizidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri Nkhondo

Pambuyo pake, zinadziwika kuti palibe magulu sadzatha kukwaniritsa chigonjetso chomaliza cha nkhondo ya m'tsogolo. Komabe, imfa ya moyo makamu onse anafika manambala yaikulu, ndi chikumenyana chuma mayiko akhala zatha. Choncho, limati nawo nkhondo, anayamba kuyesa kugwirizana pakati pawo.

Mu 1762 France ndi Prussia anavomera dziko. Ndipo chaka chamawa, nkhondoyo inali itatha.

Zotsatira wonse wa nkhondo zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri '

Zotsatira wonse wa Nkhondo zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri tinganene kuti ndi abstracts zotsatirazi:

1. Complete chigonjetso si zimatheka ndi chipani chilichonse nkhondo, koma bwino angakhale ndi Mgwirizano wa Great Britain ndi Prussia.

Nkhondo 2. zaka seveni 'anali mmodzi wa mikangano zoipitsitsa m'ma XVIII.

3. Nkhondo ya Kunersdorf ndi zina ntchito bwino asilikali a Russia kuchepetsa udindo mismatch ndi Austrians ndi mtendere osiyana a Peter III, Frederick II.

4. British anakwanitsa analanda mbali yaikulu ya ankawalamulira French.

5. Prussia potsiriza adachoka Silesia, ankati ndi Austria banja lolamulira la Habsburg.

Mapeto a zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri Nkhondo

Ngakhale pamene mapeto a zotsutsana pakati pa magulu a dziko ndiribe ndiyakuti okha kwambiri silikuyenda bwino. Koma imfa yaikulu moyo ndiponso kutopa chuma zipani chikumenyana chifukwa cha zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri 'nkhondo, kukhale kovuta kwa resumption a zikuluzikulu nkhondo asilikali pakati pa Mgwirizano wa mayiko a ku Ulaya mpaka cha m'ma XVIII, pamene chiyambi cha ulimi French ndi Napoleonic Nkhondo. Komabe, mikangano ya lokolo ya ku Europe kaŵirikaŵiri uka ngakhale mu nthawi ino. Koma cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo ndi gulu la atsamunda a dziko zinali kubwera.