Nsautso - ndi umasinthasintha kapena nyengo? Chiweruzo cha Mulungu kalelo ndi Zapakati

Kuyambira kale, pamene mlandu analibe umboni pakati pa anthu osiyana anali ndi miyambo ya kukhulupirira "m'manja mwa Mulungu," ufulu mlandu kapena kulungamitsa. njira choyambirira chimene kupereka "chiweruzo cha Mulungu" anali wadutsamo - zosiyanasiyana mayesero, ndiwo mndandanda waukulu kwambiri. Komanso, zochokera bwino kapena ayi zapita zoyesa ananena wopalamulayo, woweruza munaupereka m'ndende, amene ankaona chifuniro cha Mulungu.

Lingaliro la wadutsamo

Ordalium ku Latin zikutanthauza "chiweruzo." Choncho, kowopsya - njira chitsutso Kuthi limati ambiri akale ndi akale, zochokera chizindikiritso cha choonadi "Chiweruziro cha Mulungu". Nsautso ndi mayeso amene akhoza yosachedwa wophiphiritsa komanso thupi. Monga ulamuliro, kumalo awo anali limodzi ndi miyambo zovuta achipembedzo.

Development wadutsamo mchitidwe

Poyamba wadutsamo anali amgwirizano - Amachitanso pansi mayeso ngati mlandu ndi woneneza. Zinali kuvomerezedwa lumbiro amene anafunika mayesowo. Kenako, mu Zapakati, njira imeneyi wakula mu mayeso mmodzi ndiye amaganiza - limene ophunzira anali pokonza izo kupyolera, anaganiza bwalo koposa zonse - mpingo. Nsautso anali wotchuka kwambiri milandu pa milandu ya chisokonezo.

nawo zaufulu mu mayesero zambiri analengeza malo, zomwe zinali zochokera kowopsya kwa. Komabe, panali mwambo pa nthawi. Kuti chipani, amene anakana mayeso, analumbira kapena zolakwika pamapeto likutsimikizira kuti kwambiri anakhudzidwa thupi, anatayika. Komanso, wadutsamo izo zikhoza kulipira ngongole, amene amapereka mwayi kwambiri pa mlandu olemera.

Nsautso anthu akale

"Chiweruzo cha Mulungu" wakhalapo kuyambira nthawi makedzana. Choncho yakale magwero olembedwa pa mbiriyakale ya malamulo - malamulo a Hammurabi - muli mavesi kuti chiyesedwe cha madzi pa mlandu wa ufiti. Aliyense amene wapatsidwa, anachita kulumpha m'madzi. Ngati madzi "amaulutsira" bamboyu, iye ankaona osalakwa ndi donesshy izo anaphedwa chabodza.

Mfundo yaikulu ya "umboni Mulungu" limene lafotokozedwa wakale Hindu malamulo a Manu. Pansi iwo akutanthauza akuganiza lumbiro ndi tipirire. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chigawenga zochita woipa amene amabweretsa adzakhala kubisa kaya kwa Mulungu kapena kwa chikumbumtima chake. Mu India, panthawi zosiyanasiyana, zikanadziwika awiri ndi inayi mavutowo. Ena mwa iwo anali kotereku mayesero:

• miyeso (mlanduyo anali amtengo kawiri mu nthawi yochepa, komanso ngati nthawi yachiwiri kulemera wake zochepa - ankawaona wolungamitsidwa);
• moto (ndi mlandu ankafunika kuthana mtunda wina atanyamula m'manja mwake, atakulungidwa mu masamba a wina mtengo banja, chidutswa cha chitsulo red-hot, ndipo simukhala amayaka);
• madzi (pa mlandu anayenera kuyenda pansi pa madzi pa madzi ndipo bakhalani komweko bola ngati mukufuna munthu wina kubweretsa muvi mpirawo kuyambira kumene iye nkhunda);
• chiphe (ndi mlandu amayenera kumwa bzakumwa, ndipo malingana ndi mtundu wanji mmene iye adzakhala thupi lake patapita nthawi yina, kusankha wolakwa kapena ayi);
• madzi oyera (a munthu amayenera kumwa madzi ntchito kusamba fano la mulungu Ngati mlungu umodzi kapena iwiri, iye ngakhalenso banja lake sanali kudwala kapena kuvutika tsoka lililonse, mlandu wotsutsana naye kudzipatula.);
• dayisi (mlandu anali anatulutsa wa mtsuko umodzi wa mikanda awiri dongo, mkati chomwe chiri chifaniziro chophiphiritsa kapena Choonadi kapena Bodza).

Mu madera a China wakale poyesedwa analoledwa kutafuna ochepa mbewu mpunga. Iye akhapidziwa kuti wolakwa chisangalalo youma mu pakamwa, iye malovu kunja mbewu youma.

Nsautso anthu a ku Ulaya

A History zochepa za ufulu wa mitundu European komanso muli mavesi ambiri mchitidwe kowopsya kwa. The njira ambiri consummate "Chiweruziro cha Mulungu" anali kuyesa kuwira ndi madzi ozizira, komanso ndi chitsulo chamoto.

Choncho, mitundu yachiwiriyi odziwika kwa Germany wakale. A mayeso wamba iwo ndi otentha chitsulo anasonyeza kufunika kwa mlandu kuyenda kapena kugwira mu dzanja lanu. Pambuyo pake, kutentha malo bandeji woyera panayikidwa kwa nsalu TACHIMATA ndi mafuta, amene anawomberedwa mu masiku atatu. Zilonda zamoto bwino anachiritsidwa, izo ankadalira ngati mlandu ndi ndilibe mlandu.

Mu England, akuyenda chitsulo inali mbali achilendo: nkhaniyi anali m'maso kuyenda kupyola mmunda, amene anaika incandescent makasu.

The Salic malamulo umatchedwanso mayeso a kuwira madzi. Mlanduyo ankafunika kuti atenge dzanja lake mu mphika wa madzi otentha. Kuchimwa kwake ndi kuweruza ndi mabala otsala.

choonadi Polish kakunena za mavutowo wa madzi ozizira. Kulumikizitsidwa mayeso ena kuti sanathe tiwolokere; Iye tigwiritsitse lamba chingwe chimene sankandilola kumira. Kenako, munthu wina ananena kumizidwa m'madzi. Ngati pa nthawi yomweyo iye afika kusambira okha, vinyo izo ankaona yasonyeza.

Mu Russia, mayesero ofanana sanali makamaka otchuka. Iwo ntchito pokha pokha pamene anthu milandu yoopsa kwambiri. Koma nthawi zambiri, zinatenga malo malamulo nkhondo - sizachilendo mu Russian m'mayiko tipirire. Kuyeza kumeneku anali ntchito ndi mitundu ya kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, koma Russia anadza kwa iwo kawirikawiri kuti nthawi zina ndi m'malo mboni.

Zotsatira za mayesero amenewa ankaona komaliza, monga "chiweruzo cha Mulungu" ankaganiza Khoti Lalikulu.

nthawi yaitali bwanji analipo wadutsamo

Khalani wadutsamo inatenga ndithu nthawi yaitali (monga ena magwero - mpaka XIV, ena - ngakhale kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII). Ku Ulaya, iwo mwalamulo anathetsa mpingo mu 1215. Ndipotu, phindu anataika pambuyo chitsutso anali kuimirira ndondomeko inquisitorial. Lidzasinthidwa mchitidwe wokakamiza wa ndondomeko zotuluka, popanda imene wozengedwa sangathe kuchotsedwa mlandu, khoti wadutsamo wataya tanthauzo lake choyambirira ndipo m'malo mwa wozunzikirapo.