Nyukiliyazo basi-238: ulimi mu Russia, chithunzi, makhalidwe, ntchito

Nyukiliyazo basi-238 - woopsa kwambiri mankhwala. Izo ntchito pomanga zinthu malo ndi chilengedwe cha mabomba a nyukiliya. Makampani chifukwa amapangidwa okha nyukiliya. Pamaso perestroika mu USSR, United States chinkhoswe kupanga isotopes pa madera ake.

Nyukiliyazo basi-238 kupanga kwa US

Kuti apange nyukiliyazo basi-238, kunali koyenera kuti agwire kwambiri nthawi yambiri ndi ntchito akuda. makilogalamu 150 nyukiliyazo basi atamaliza lonse zikwi 50 pa makontena zinyalala. Pulezidenti Gorbachev nyengo wolemekezeka okoma. Perestroika osankhika anaganiza n'kulakwa zinyalala abale pansi American. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1988, nyukiliyazo basi, 238 opangidwa okha Russia.

Mu 1992, ulimi kucheza wotchedwa "yowunikira" walemba pangano mwa kundipatsako kwa United States monga mmene makilogalamu asanu ndi zinthu zodziwika monga nyukiliyazo basi-238. Kupanga mu Russia lili lakumidzi wa Ozersk, imadziwika Chelyabinsk-40. Phindu pa pangano ili Akuti pafupifupi 6 miliyoni. Kuchuluka kwa nyukiliyazo basi opangidwa adzakhala okwanira kuti athawe kwa makina 3 6 ndi makhazikitsidwe ya nyukiliya. Ofufuza ambiri amakhulupirira kuti pafupifupi onse imalankhula ngati of America pambuyo kugwa Soviet Union panali opangidwa ku Russia isotope.

Cooperation kapena kuuma?

Mu zaka za m'ma 20 panali yaing'ono, koma kwambiri choyalutsa. chakuti United States wagwiritsa ntchito makina ndi makhazikitsidwe nyukiliya kwa kazitape kwa Russia. Iwo anapangidwa yemweyo Russian isotope. Ngakhale kuti, ulimi wa nyukiliyazo basi-238 ndi saletsa ndi mwa kundipatsako kwa United States anapitiriza. Komanso, mwamsanga 2003 pakati pa Russian kampani "TENEX" ndi nthumwi American anali kudwala kupereka izi isotope woipa.

Komabe, nyukiliyazo basi-238, zomwe zinachitikadi pa dera la Russia, sunawakhutitse ndi losakhutiritsidwa American kudya. Ndipotu, States anafunika kuyambika kwa chida chitetezo m'malere. Choncho anaganiza kuti adzathe kuyamba kupanga isotopes pa.

Zifukwa America kupanga isotope

kukhala isotope pulogalamu udaikidwa States kwa zaka 30, imene ankayenera kuti apange za 158 makilogalamu mankhwala owopsa. Onse Russian ndi achilendo TV anali kulabadira chakuti zikuchitika kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo pa mapeto a Chidani nkhondo ndi United States. Choncho, kuyamba kupanga kugwirizana ndi ntchito zotheka asilikali States mlengalenga. Zilibe kuwonjezera bata ndi chakuti kuyamba kupanga pa nthawi ya isotope ndi chikugwirizana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu chida chitetezo.

m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, mitengo yosiyana

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa mawu a pangano ndi Russian kampani "TENEX" mtengo kilogalamu imodzi isotope ndi $ 1 miliyoni. Ngakhale America allocates nthawi zana kwambiri pa nyukiliyazo basi, 238. Yopanga ku Russia nthawi yonseyi zinachitika pa mitengo mwazisiya - pozindikira zimenezi zokhumudwitsa. Anthu Russian anafotokoza maganizo osiyanasiyana pankhani ngati "kugwirizana" ndi United States. The Agency Federal kwa Atomic Energy ndikukhulupirira kuti izi malonda ndi mulimonse opindulitsa ndi koyenera kuti chuma. Komanso Russia zingagulitsidwe nyukiliyazo basi-238 m'mayiko 32 padziko lonse. Kodi anafotokoza kufunika ichi ndi chifukwa isotope izi?

Nyukiliyazo basi-238: ntchito

Ndipotu, isotope ichi ndi chochokera kwa nyukiliyazo basi-239. Ndipo nayenso, ndi chigawo chachikulu zikuchokera zida za nyukiliya. Mu nthawi ya Chidani, chimene chinali chifukwa cha malo mpikisano, ndi ena mbali zinali zabwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, nyukiliyazo basi, 239 opangidwa ku South Carolina kumanga mabomba a nyukiliya. Ndipo kunapatsidwa kwa chochokera kwa kupanga makina ndi probes. Kamodzi wopanga ku South Carolina amatchedwa "Savannah Mtsinje" chatsekedwa, ndi US anayamba kugula isotope mu Russia.

Nyukiliyazo basi-238 - ndi mafuta abwino ntchito pochita kafukufuku mlengalenga. cheza ake ndi nyukiliya. Koma, pamene nkhani wina, isotope ndi wosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, nyukiliyazo basi-238 kawirikawiri akachita ku granules iridium. Amalimbikitsa wofiira, ndipo angabweretse kwambiri kutentha. Ngakhale granules iridium kusunga umphumphu wa isotope ziri zotetezedwa. granules The anaiika jenereta yapadera imene imalimbiki- kutembenuka kwa kutentha mu magetsi. Kudzera nthambi izi danga kufufuzabe malo lotseguka malo, chifukwa ndondomeko ya magetsi motere ukhoza kwa zaka zambiri lonse.

Masiku ano m'matangadza wa nyukiliyazo basi-238

Mu nkhani zambiri, ndi nkhokwe dziko la mankhwala mofulumira zimachepa. Posachedwapa mu magazini US Nature inalemba nkhani imene tsopano NASA kumanzere 35 okha makilogalamu isotope. Ndipo nkhuni angagwiritsidwe ntchito, theka cha ndalamazo okwana. The ulendo anakonza kale Mars kutenga makilogalamu 5 Pu-238. Russia ndi panopa salinso amagulitsa isotope izi. Mwina kotero, ifenso iye ikutha.

kuopsa zoopsa mu ntchito isotope

Osati kale litali, asilikali US unagwera pansi danga Kanema. Tinachita izi mwaumbanda kuteteza kugwa kwake kusalankhula. The Pentagon ananena kuti ilili yolemera matani 5 anayamba kugwa mu zidutswa zikwi zitatu pa Pacific Ocean. Aliyense makombo kukula anali pafupifupi ofanana ndi mpira. Pa bolodi Kanema mapulogalamu aukazitape anali pafupifupi 500 makilogalamu hydrazine - chopopera amene ali kawopsedwe okwezeka. Ndipo panali kuchuluka kwa isotope nyukiliyazo basi-238 - ziwerengero enieni si Pentagon anati.

Kuopseza anthu onse

Koma kwenikweni, chinthu choopsa owopsa kwa dziko lonse lapansi ndi isotope nyukiliyazo basi-238. Makhalidwe amenewa kuti magalamu 450 yekha wa nkhaniyi zikhoza kuyambitsa khansa lonse la anthu. The theka moyo wa nyukiliyazo basi-238 ndi zaka 90. Choncho kodi izi "mipira mpira" adzakhala nthawi yaitali kuti poizoni dziko ndi anthu okhalamo.

Komabe, izi si loyamba mu mbiri ya kuukira nyukiliya mlengalenga. Onse Time Space Research 49 makina anali anapezerapo ku ofesi ya nyukiliya. 36 iwo akuthamanga Russia ndi Soviet Union, 13 - States. Tsopano mu kanjira pamalo okwera pakati pa 800 kapena 1000 Km pali 50 makina ndi makombo nyukiliya. Osasiya ana a anthu monga "cholowa" imfa nyukiliya, Ph.D. Hussein Chechenov akumufunsira m'malo nyukiliyazo basi-238 zochepa oopsa ureniamu-235.

Kuopseza, mwamwayi, anapambana Russian

Mu kugwa kwa 2016 kale mwachidwi, kugwa kwa ilili American otchedwa UARS, umenenso osangalala mwangozi, anaulukira zapitazi. Linaneneratu chinthu kugwa masiku - loyamba linali pa 17 September, ndiye - 23. Mu nkhani imeneyi, pakuti chirichonse zifukwa, izo sananene kuti si kwenikweni ngakhale kachipangizo, koma kwenikweni bomba la nyukiliya. Ambiri mwina, ichi chidachitika kuti kufalitsa chipwirikiti pakati pa anthu. Pambuyo pa Kanema ladzala nyukiliyazo basi-238. Photos of danga chinthu zikusonyeza kuti UARS kukula mofanana ndi kukula trolley.

Malinga NASA zolosera, iye anali kugwa chapakati Russia. Ngati anaukitsidwadi, mwa masiku angapo pafupifupi 300 zikwi. Anthu mu Moscow adzamwalire ku edema m'mapapo mwanga. UARS koma pazifukwa zina ine ndinakhala pansi yekha pa September 24, anagwa mu nyanja pafupi Canada. Pu-238 mu zinali za 30 makilogalamu. Canada si nthawi yoyamba kuyendera oopsa danga Kanema. Koyamba boma anakwanitsa kugwetsa chinthu kuyandikira pa njira kuti kulalikira, ndi iyenso anagwa mu nyanja.