NdiAmene wa zilembo Asilavo. Yemwe adalenga Asilavo zilembo m'zaka za m'ma 9?

Osati anthu onse kudziwa zimene wotchuka May 24, koma ngakhale zosatheka kuti aganizire kodi akhala mwa ife ngati tsiku m'chaka 863 zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi ndiAmene a zilembo anasiya ntchito yawo kukakolola.

Yemwe adalenga Asilavo zilembo m'zaka za m'ma 9? Iwo anali Kirill Ine Mefody, ndi chochitika zinachitika zaka 863 May 24, zimene zinachititsa kuti madyerero a chimodzi cha zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Tsopano anthu Asilavo akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zawo zolembedwa ndipo osati kubwereka zinenero za anthu ena.

NdiAmene wa Asilavo Literature - Kirill Ine Mefody?

Mbiri ya Asilavo Literature si monga "mandala" Ena angaone ngati pa Koyamba, pali maganizo osiyanasiyana pankhani ndiAmene ake. Pali chidwi chakuti Kirill, ngakhale ndisanayambe ntchito pa chilengedwe cha zilembo Asilavo, anali mu Chersonese (tsopano Crimea), amene anatha kutenga malemba opatulika a Uthenga Wabwino, kapena Masalmo, lomwe kale pa nthawi zimene zinalembedwa mu zilembo za dzina la zilembo Asilavo. Zimenezi zimatithandiza kuganizira: zilembo ndani Asilavo analengedwa, Kirill Ine Mefody zilembo kwenikweni analembedwa kapena ndatsiriza ntchito?

Komabe, kusiyapo mfundo zimene Cyril anabweretsa zilembo wokonzeka ku Kherson, pali umboni wina kuti ndiAmene wa zilembo Asilavo anthu ena, ndipo analipo kalekale Cyril ndi Methodius.

Arab mbiri magwero chochitika kuti mu zaka 23 pamaso Kirill Ine Mefody analenga zilembo Asilavo, ndicho mu 40 ntchentche za m'ma IX, anali kubatiza anthu amene anali m'manja mwa bukhu, kwalembedwa mu chinenero Asilavo. Komanso, pali mfundo ina kwambiri wosonyeza kuti chilengedwe cha zilembo Asilavo anali atanena kale kuti tsiku. Mfundo yofunika ndi Papa Leo IV anali satifiketi kupelekedwa kwa zaka 863, imene inali ndendende a zilembo za alifabeti Asilavo, ndi pa mpando wachifumu wa chithunzi izi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera zaka 847 kwa 855 zaka za zana IX.

Ena, komanso zofunika mfundo umboni chiyambi kwambiri wakale wa Asilavo Literature ndi kukondweretsa Catherine Wachiwiri, amene muulamuliro wake, analemba kuti Asilavo anthu akale kuposa mwawamba, ndi script ali kuyambira masiku apafupi Khirisimasi.

Umboni wa chinenero wakale Asilavo a mitundu ina

Creation wa Asilavo zilembo kwa zaka 863 ndipo ndikhoza kutsimikizira mfundo zina kuti alipo mu mapepala a anthu ena amene ankakhala m'nthawi zakale ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina makalata yake. zinthu zimenezi ndi angapo, ndipo zikupezeka mu mbiri yakale ya Perisiya dzina lake Ibn Fodlan, pa El Massoudi, komanso pang'ono kenako ojambula zithunzi ntchito amamudziwa, kumene ananena kuti zilembo Asilavo unakhazikitsidwa pamaso pa Asilavo anaonekera mabuku.

Wazambiriyakale amene anali malire a IX ndi X atumwi, amanena kuti anthu Asilavo wa mkulu ndi zapamwamba kuposa Aroma, ndipo umboni, anatchula ena mwa malo oterewa kuti amakulolani kudziwa kunayamba kale chiyambi cha anthu Asilavo ndi kulemba awo.

Ndipo popeza wotsiriza amene angathe kwambiri bwanji maganizo a anthu pofufuza yankho la funso la amene analenga zilembo Asilavo - ndi ndalama ndi makalata osiyanasiyana zilembo Russian, chojambulidwa cha masiku kale kuposa zaka 863, ndipo ali mu dera la European mayiko monga England, Scandinavia, Denmark ndi ena.

The yotsutsa chiyambi wakale wa Literature Asilavo

ndiAmene ankaimbidwa wa Asilavo zilembo pang'ono "anaphonya" chimodzi: iwo sanali kusiya mabuku ndi makalata olembedwa ichi chakale. Komabe, asayansi ambiri ndi zokwanira kuti Asilavo olembedwa chinenero alipo pa zosiyanasiyana miyala, miyala, zida ndi katundu wa m'nyumba kuti zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu akale pa moyo wawo.

Asayansi ambiri akhala ntchito pa phunziro mwa zinthu zakale mu kulemba Asilavo Komabe, munthu okalamba mayina Grinevich akafuna pafupifupi gwero, ndipo ntchito yake kunapangitsa kuti decrypt mawu alionse olembedwa mu zilankhulo Chisilavo Chakale.

Grinevitch ntchito mu phunziro Chisilavo Literature

Pofuna kumvetsa chinenero cha Asilavo akale, Grinevich anali kuchita ntchito yambiri, imene anazindikira kuti sanali zochokera makalata, ndipo anali ndi dongosolo zovuta kwambiri, amene ntchito ndi syllables. Wasayansi wake wonse kwambiri ankakhulupirira kuti mapangidwe zilembo Asilavo anayamba zaka 7000 zapitazo.

Zizindikiro za alifabeti Asilavo ali ndi zifukwa zosiyana, ndipo pambuyo grouping ndi anthu onse Grinevich kuzindikiridwa magawo anayi: separators liniya, kwabasi ndi opanikiza zizindikiro.

Pakuti kuphunzira Grinevich ntchito za 150 zolemba zosiyanasiyana alipo pa mitundu yonse ya zinthu, ndi kukhala ndi moyo wake onse zochokera decoding zizindikiro izi.

Grinevich kafukufuku anapeza kuti mbiri ya Asilavo Kulemba akulu, ndi a Asilavo wakale ntchito chizindikiro 74. Komabe, kwa chiwerengero ngati anthu otchulidwa zilembo kwambiri, ndipo ngati ife kulankhula za mawu lonse chinenero sangathe kukhala 74. chabe tiganizira Zimenezi zinachititsa ofufuza kuti akhulupirire kuti zilembo za Asilavo ntchito syllables m'malo makalata.

Chitsanzo: "kavalo" - pa syllable "taonani"

ulaliki wake walola kumvetsa ndi zolemba zimene ankamenyana asayansi ambiri ndipo sanathe kumvetsa tanthauzo. Ndipo kunapezeka kuti zonse ndi losavuta:

1. Mphika kuti anapezeka pafupi Ryazan, anali lolembedwa - malangizo linati kuti ayenera kuikidwa mu uvuni ndi pafupi.
2. Georgia, amene anapezeka pafupi ndi tauni ya Utatu, anali losavuta mawu akuti: "akulemera 2 aunsi."

Maumboni onse pamwamba kutsutsa kuchuluka kwa zimene ndiAmene wa Asilavo Literature - Kirill Ine Mefody, ndi kutsimikizira kunayamba kale chinenero chathu.

Asilavo runes mu chilengedwe cha Asilavo Analembera Language

Amene analenga zilembo Asilavo, anali wochenjera kwambiri ndi wolimba munthu, chifukwa amanena zimenezi pa nthawi imeneyo ukhoza kuononga mlengi chifukwa umbuli wina aliyense. Koma popanda makalata amene anatulukira, ndi njira zina kufalitsa kuzindikira anthu - Asilavo runes.

Total mu dziko anapeza runes 18 kuti alipo pa ambiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa ziwiya zadothi, zosemasema mwala ndi zakale ena. Chitsanzo chimodzi ndi mbiya ku Lepesovka m'mudzi ili kum'mwera kwa Volyn, ndi zotengera za dothi m'mudzi wa Nthambi. Kuwonjezera umboni ili m'dera la Russia, pali zipilala zimene zili mu Poland ndipo anapeza mu 1771. Iwo kudzapereka runes Asilavo. Tisaiwale kachisi wa Radegast ili Retro, kumene makomawo chokongoletsedwa ndi monga zilembo Asilavo. Malo yamasika kuti asayansi ku Thietmar Merseburg, ndi linga-kachisi ndipo lili pa chilumba otchedwa Ruegen. Pali ambiri mafano, amene maina awo analembedwa ndi runes Asilavo chiyambi.

Asilavo kulemba. Kirill Ine Mefody monga ndiAmene

Kujambula script zimachitika Cyril ndi Methodius, ndi kutsimikizira izi ndi deta mbiri ya nthawi lolingana moyo wawo, amene akambidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Iwo bwanji tanthauzo la ntchito yawo, komanso chifukwa ntchito pa chilengedwe cha anthu otchulidwa latsopano.

Cyril ndi Methodius ku chilengedwe cha zilembo anabweretsa mapeto kuti zinenero zina sangamvetse kusonyeza kulankhula Asilavo. ntchito choletsa Izi imatsimikizirika mmonke wolimba, amene ananena kuti asanayambe kukhazikitsidwa kwa Asilavo zilembo mu ubatizo ntchito ambiri anachita kaya Greek kapena Latin, ndipo m'masiku amenewo zinaonekeratu kuti sangathe kusonyeza phokoso zonse wodzazidwa timalankhula .

andale ndi zilembo za Asilavo

Policy anayamba imakhudzira anthu kuchokera pachiyambi cha kubadwa a mitundu ndi zipembedzo, komanso anathandiza pa zilembo Asilavo, komanso mbali zina za miyoyo ya anthu.

Monga tafotokozazi, monga ubatizo utumiki Asilavo inkachitikira kaya Greek kapena Latin, amene analola mipingo ina yosokoneza maganizo ndi kulimbikitsa mu maganizo a Asilavo ndinaganiza za udindo wawo lalikulu.

m'mayiko amene mapemphero sanali amachitika Greek ndi Latin, analandira kukula chikoka cha ansembe German chikhulupiriro cha anthu, ndi mpingo Byzantine izi siyoyenera, ndipo iye anapanga sitepe reciprocal, kulangiza Cyril ndi Methodius chilengedwe script, amene ulembedwa utumiki ndi malemba opatulika.

mpingo Byzantine molondola kukangana pa nthawi, ziwembu ake anali ngati kuti amene analenga zilembo Asilavo zochokera zilembo Greek, kudzakuthandizani tisaletse mphamvu ya Mpingo German m'mayiko onse Asilavo nthawi yomweyo ndipo nthawi yomweyo zidzathandiza kuti asonkhanitse anthu a Byzantium. Zimene amathanso kuonedwa kuti wosonkhezeredwa ndi umbombo.

Yemwe adalenga zilembo Asilavo zochokera zilembo za Chigiriki? Kirill Ine Mefody analenga ndi ntchitoyo asankhidwa mpingo Byzantine Sichangozi. Cyril ndinakulira mu mzinda wa Tesalonika, amene, ngakhale anali Greek, koma pafupifupi theka la anthu ake bwino Chisilavo, ndi Cyril yekha kuwadziwa bwino, ndipo anali ndi kukumbukira kwambiri.

Byzantium ndi udindo wake

Nanga ntchito inayambika pa chilengedwe cha zilembo Asilavo Imachitika ena kutsutsana kwambiri, kuyambira May 24 - ichi ndi boma tsiku, koma mbiri pali kusiyana lalikulu mu nthawi, kupanga mismatch.

Pambuyo Byzantium ndinapereka yovuta, Kirill Ine Mefody anayamba chitukuko mabuku Asilavo M'chaka 864 anafika ku Moravia ndi zilembo wokonzeka Asilavo komanso anatembenuza Uthenga kwathunthu, pamene anasonkhana kwa ophunzira sukulu.

Atalandira ntchito ku tchalitchi Byzantine wa Kirill Ine Mefody zimatumizidwa Morven. Paulendo wawo chinkhoswe mu kulemba zilembo ndi kusandulika kwa Uthenga malemba ku chinenero Asilavo, ndi kale pa kufika ku mzindawo manja awo ali okonzeka ntchito. Komabe, njira yopita ku Moravia amatenga osati nthawi yochuluka chotero. Mwina nthawi, ndi limakupatsani kulenga zilembo, koma kumasulira mabuku a Uthenga Wabwino mu nthawi yochepa ngati sangathe, zimene zikusonyeza pasadakhale ntchito chinenero Asilavo komanso kumasulira malembawo.

matenda Cyril ndi chisamaliro chake

Patapita zaka zitatu za ntchito ku sukulu zawo Chisilavo Literature Cyril iye akana mlanduwu anapita ku Rome. Kulowera uku zochitika chifukwa cha matenda. Cyril mbasiya pyonsene chifukwa cha wabata imfa Rome. Methodius, kukhala yekha, akupitiriza cholinga chake ndipo palibe njira kumbuyo, koma tsopano kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa Mpingo wa Katolika unayamba kumvetsetsa la ntchito ndi siali okondwa izi. Mpingo wa Chiroma limaletsa Mabaibulo mu Asilavo ndi zoonekera anasonyeza kusakhutira kwawo, koma pa Methodius tsopano ali otsatira amene anathandiza ndi kupitiriza ntchito yake.

Chisililiki ndi Chigilagoliti - zomwe chinali chiyambi cha kulemba ano?

Palibe umboni anatsimikizira kuti ndikhoza kutsimikizira zomwe za zolembedwa pa zayamba kale, ndipo palibe mfundo yeniyeni za amene analenga Asilavo zilembo mu Russia , ndi ndani wa awiri zotheka anaika dzanja lake Kirill. Ife tikungodziwa chinthu chimodzi, koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri - anakhala tate wa lero Chisililiki Russian zilembo ndi uyamiko kwa iye tikhoza kulemba monga ife kulemba lero.

Zilembo za Chisililiki wapangidwa ndi 43 makalata ndi chakuti tate wake anali Cyril zikutsimikizira pamaso m'menemo 24 makalata Greek ya zilembo. Ndipo wina 19 ndiAmene wa Chisililiki zilembo zochokera zilembo Greek m'gulu basi kusonyeza phokoso zovuta amene anali pakati pa anthu amene anagwiritsa ntchito chinenero Asilavo kulankhula.

Ndi chikoka kuti wosalira zambiri ndipo zimamusangalatsa zilembo za Chisililiki anali losandulizika, pafupifupi nthawi zonse pa iye. Komabe, panali mphindi kuti n'zovuta imelo Mwachitsanzo kalata "E" kwa nthawi yoyamba, omwe ndi ofanana ndi "E" kalata "D" - analogous kuti "ndi". Makalata amenewa poyamba akulephera kalembedwe, koma kusonyeza phokoso kake.

Chigilagoliti Ndipotu, ndi analogue a zilembo za Chisililiki ndi ntchito zilembo 40, ndipo 39 mwa iwo anatengedwa chifukwa cha zilembo za Chisililiki. Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa Chigilagoliti ndi kuti ali kalembedwe zambiri anamaliza kulemba, ndipo si chibadidwe manyazi, monga kuyenera Chisililiki.

Anasowa zilembo (Chigilagoliti), ngakhale sanatenge, koma intensively ntchito ndi Asilavo wamoyo mu M'madera a zitunda kum'mwera ndi kumadzulo, ndi, malingana ndi malo okhala, izo anali kulemba zake kalembedwe. The Asilavo moyo Bulgaria, ntchito kulemba Chigilagoliti zambiri anamaliza kalembedwe ndi Chikolowesha gravitated kwa angularity ya kalatayo.

Ngakhale chiwerengero cha malingaliro, ndipo ngakhale absurdity ena a iwo, aliyense lotereli, ndipo inu simungakhoze kuyankha amene ndendende ndiAmene wa zilembo Asilavo. mayankho adzakhala osamveka, ndi zolakwika zambiri ndi zolakwa. Ngakhale pali zinthu zambiri zimene kutsutsa chilengedwe cha olembedwa Cyril ndi Methodius, anapatsidwa maulemu chifukwa cha ntchito yake, zomwe analola kufala zilembo ndi kusintha kwa mitundu pano.