Oprichnik - ndani izi? Amadziwika mbiri ya asilikali a

Russian statehood udzadutsa njira zambiri zovuta nthawi zina wina anali woipa kwambiri kuposa wina. Kwambiri ankalumidwa ndi mdima nthawi mu mbiriyakale ya Russia, mbiri yakale kwambiri kuyitana zaka oprichnina. Oprichnik - ndi nthano, kapena alipodi? Atumiki mwayekha anapita mphekesera zoopsa, kuti iwo si anthu pa onse, mizukwa weniweniwo "ziwanda thupi." Chotero kodi inu munganene za ankatumikira amene iwo kwenikweni anali ndi chifukwa iwo kulankhula za nkhani zinkatiopsa?

miyeso Kalanga

Oprichnina maonekedwe yoyamba mndandanda wa zoipa kwa Moscow. Muscovy pa nthawi imeneyo anatsogolera wamagazi Livonia nkhondo. Livonia nkhondo - izi ndi imodzi mwa makampani waukulu ankhondo a m'zaka XVI m'chigawo Baltic, amene anali akuluakulu, otchuka mu zigawo za boma - Muscovy, Grand Duchy la Lithuania, Ufumu wa Sweden, Ufumu wa Denmark. Mu January 1558 Moscow litalanda Livonia. Poyamba, kampani anabweretsa asilikali Russian Ivanu Groznomu nambala ya kupambana kwambiri anagonjetsa Narva, Dorpat ndi midzi ena ambiri ndi midzi ya Baltic.

Mu zikhalidwe za nkhondo

Kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, boma Russian anapitiriza nkhondo yoopsayo ndi owawa ndi boma Livonia. Osati kokha Mfumu Peter ndinkafuna "windo la ku Ulaya". Ivan Grozny , nayenso, anaganiza dontho "ine" mu mavuto mwakuwoneka chamuyaya cha chuma Russian. Chiyambi cha nkhondo wopambana kwambiri kwa Russia. Pambuyo chopweteka kugonjetsedwa ndi Lithuanians anathawira Ulla-Chief la asilikali Russian. Mogwirizana ndi zinthu Ivan Grozny anatchedwa boma la malamulo achisilikali, kulenga eg m'chigawo oprichnichestva.

kusankha okhwima

Pamene mphamvu za dziko sanali mfumu yokha, pa mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo mukopedwe ang'onoang'ono ambuye, amene anali ogaŵikana mipata eyiti - pa maziko wachibale ndi gawo. Palibe a iwo ankagwira ntchito zabwino za dziko lake ndipo, ndithudi, misonkho zimayikidwa mu thumba lake. Pa kapolo zina ndinali ang'onoang'ono Ambuye. Only akalonga a Yaroslavl, panali nthawi za makumi asanu ndi atatu. akalonga onse awa sankaona khobidi mu zopereka kuposa zinamukwiyitsa kwambiri ndi Russian tsar. Monga mu dziko, ndi mavuto zokwanira, makamaka panthawi ya nkhondo, mfumu kuthetsa vuto la ang'onoang'ono. Mu 1565, Ivan Grozny January 3 analengeza kuti abdicates chifukwa cha mkwiyo pa anthu olemekezeka. Pambuyo kulengeza ozunguza, anthu ambiri anasonkhana ndipo anapita kwa mfumu kumudandaulira kubwerera ku mpando wachifumu ndi kamodzinso kutsogolera dziko. Kale mwezi kenako tsar Russian analengeza kuti adzabwerera lamulo, koma ndi chabwino kulanga boyars popanda mlandu, msonkho iwo amasowa iwo a chuma chawo. Onse a boma anali kupereka zemshchina. Kuti zonse izi anawonjezera kuti akulowa m'dziko oprichnina. Mu izo, iye anayizindikira boyars ena, clerks wa anthu ndi servicemen. Choncho oprichnik - munthu amene ali mphamvu ndi kutsatira malamulo a mfumu mwachindunji. Muli oprichnina mfumu inalamula ena mizinda Veliky Ustyug, Vologda, Suzdal, Vyazma, Kozelsk, Medyn ndi ena.

Akamanena za oprichnina ndi

Oprichnik - munthu amene analanda ntchito ya ndodo mphezi, osauka mkulu wa Mphamvu, Ambuye ang'onoang'ono mu dera lina. Ivan Grozny zinthu mochenjera kwambiri, motero kupha mbalame ziwiri ndi mwala umodzi. Iye mosatsata olemekezeka mwankhanza ndipo anapereka m'mayiko otsala anagonjetsa mu Baltic States. Oprichnik tanthauzo - "munthu wa udindo wa mfumu pa chiwerengero cha anthu ake."

wakuda Alonda

Oprichnik - mlonda munthu wa mfumu, amene alemba ntchito osati anthu okhwima, komanso ana boyars, ndi olemekezeka osankhidwa. Mkhalidwe waukulu umene kusankha zinachitikadi, anali pakalibe ofanana, ubwenzi magazi ndi mfulu khalidwe otchuka. Ndiko chofunika Ivan Grozny anthu awo - ndi chakecho mwa kumvera. The kwambiri ndicho oprichnik kuti mfundo za m'banja. Kutanthauza kuti anali pang'onong'ono sukulu kungafanane ndi ntchito ya mphamvu yapadera mu nthawi yathu.

nkhondowo kusiyana

Popeza akalonga pansi ine kumenyana akapolo (a Gulu la asilikali kulondera mosamala mwini), Mzere wa dziko la fuko lomveka inali nkhani ya ntchito yamasewera. Apa ndi apo ndi "Black Wokwera" - oprichnik. Tanthauzo la mawu athu pang'ono apamwamba. Poyamba ntchito yake ndi mu mfundo kulimbitsa mphamvu logwirizana la mfumu ndi kupha anthu amene amatsutsa. Nthawi zambiri anafotokoza mmene anthu mwamantha ndi amkunkhuniza. Koma si onse omwe analipo, kunali anthu ena akazembe wabwino ndi atsogoleri mwa asilikali a. Panali mlandu: ndi adani a Livonia mzinda asilikali molamulidwa ndi Prince Tyufyakina anagwa kunja linga ndi chiyambi cha "makani" kusafuna kupita pa kuukira ndi zifukwa zonse zakwiyitsa mfumu, ndipo anatumiza asilikali, amene anasonyeza lamulo lachifumu kuchotsedwa lamulo la asilikali Tyufyakina ndi omuthandizira, ndipo iye anayamba kutsogolera asilikali kumenya.

mutu galu ndi tsache

olemba mbiri amakono kufotokoza alonda la mfumu m'njira zotsatirazi. Munthu wovala onse wakuda, ndi aakulu kwa chishalo pesey mutu ndi tsache kumbuyo. Mutu umaimira mfundo yakuti asilikali wamng'ono sniff kunja woukira boma ndi kusesa ndi tsache. Izi siziri zoona kwathunthu. Inde, oprichnik anali atavala malaya wakuda, chifukwa anali ngati kuti ndi kavalidwe mogwirizana. Za zovunda - wathunthu zamkhutu, tsiku lotentha ndi mutu yodulidwa alibe kumvetsa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo imeneyi inabwera kuchokera alendo omwe, osalephera, analisolola ndi kufanizira ndi agulupa Dominicans, icho chinali chizindikiro cha Order mutu wa galu kuti adakonzeka zipata za obisika a. N'chifukwa chiyani mutu wa galu? Dominicans amadzitcha okha Ambuye agalu. Iwo, monga asilikali, kuti kufufuza milandu (ndi Chikhulupiriro), ndipo mwina n'chifukwa pakutchulidwa zimene munthu kufanizira. tsache A sichinali ndendende tsache. Monga chizindikiro angaloledwe awo Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira wa asilikali mfumu osankhidwa kuvala lamba wa burashi ubweya - tsache chikusesa woukira boma.

zakhala

Pa oprichnina anapha anthu ambiri amanena - ndithu zotheka mpaka tsopano. Oprichnik - ndi wakupha, vuto chimene chinapha anthu osachepera 6000. Ndi chithunzi izi zitheke mbiri Skrynnikov.

The asilikali

zaka zoopsa akhala yodziwika ndi ambiri ngati nyengo ya kupondereza ndi wankhanza. Ndipo, ndithudi, pali asilikali otchuka amene amakumbukira zochita zawo kwambiri.

Fedor Basmanov - mwana Alexei Danilovich asilikali. About Fedor anapita mphekesera kuti anali wokonda Ivana Groznogo, makamaka, amanena za nkhani ya alendo. Limangotsatira Chitata kuukira Ryazan. Mu 1569 Oprichny analamula asilikali kum'mwera kwa dziko. Iye anali kupereka.

Malyuta Skuratov - oprichnik, kuchimwa chachikulu, muli dzina lakuti wake chifukwa cha msinkhu waung'ono. Iye anali mtsogoleri wa oprichnina lapansi. Iye anayamba ntchito yake ndi malo otsika kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha nkhanza zake, wafika pamwamba kwambiri. Famously ndinkamufuna kuchita kufunsa ndi chilakolako. Anali wakupha kuposa oprichnik. Aphedwa kanthu 1573.

Athanasius Vyazemsky - wina oprichnik wotchuka. Ndinali udindo wa mfumu, kuti ngakhale kuti ankakonda kwambiri Ivana Groznogo ndipo anasangalala chidaliro malire. Iwo anali amphamvu kwambiri kuti mankhwala anakonza munthu dokotala KWAMBIRI Lenseem mfumu azimwa m'manja mwa Afanasiya Vyazemskogo. Mu nthawi ya kupondereza aakulu Vyazemskij ndi Malyuta Skuratov lotsogoleredwa ndi asilikali. Iye anamaliza kuli wake padziko lapansi Vyazemskij pa wozunzikirapo, mlandu chiwembu ndi adani a Russian ndi chilakolako kusonyeza Pskov Lithuania.

Mihail Temryukovich Cherkassky - Prince. Mu Muscovy anabwera 1556. Kumvera chifuniro cha atate wake, iye anabatizidwa ndipo anakhala mmodzi wa akalonga. Michael oprichnik anakhala kuyamika kampeni wake waulemerero motsutsa Chitata ndi Mlongo Maria, amene ali mofananira kuti ndi Tsar Ivan kwambiri. Patapita nthawi kalonga Cherkassky anakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira pa bwalo la Moscow tsar.

Mwalamulo mwa asilikali Michael Cherkasky anatchula mu September 1567. Iye, monga kanjedza zonse zofunika wa asilikali olondera zake mfumu nawo mbali pa mtengo wa Messrs mfumu zokayikitsa. Mu May Cherkassy anaphedwa chifukwa ankati chigololo, ndi wina wa Baibulo wotchuka kuti ngakhale anapachikidwa.