Panjshir Valley, Afghanistan: madera, kufunika njira

Panjshir Valley - kwambiri phiri m'chigwa ili kumpoto, kum'mawa Afghanistan. Kuchokera mu 1980 mpaka 1984, pali zingapo ntchito zankhondo ikuchitika ndi nawo asilikali Soviet pa nkhondo Afghanistan ku 1979-1989.

History dzina la

Panjshir Valley wakhala kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XI. Mu kumasulira kwenikweni ku Afghanstan Dzinali limatanthauza "mikango zisanu." Kotero mu masiku amenewo anawatcha abwanamkubwa amphamvu Sultan Mahmud wa Ghazni, amene analamulira ku malo amenewa. Iye anali padishah ndi Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu ya boma ya Ghaznavids kumayambiriro kwa zaka X-XI. Malinga ndi nthano, abwanamkubwa awa usiku anamanga damu kudutsa Panjshir Mtsinje, chomwe chidakalipo mpaka lero. Local amakhulupirira kuti awathandiza chikhulupiriro chozama ndi amphamvu.

Panjshir - ndi mtsinje waukulu, yemwe ali mmodzi wa makhwawa akuluakulu a Kabul Mtsinje. M'gulu la Indus Mtsinje beseni. Panjshir chigwa ili pamodzi yodziwika mapiri Hindukush. Malo ndi za 3.5 zikwi makilomita lalikulu. Kutalika pafupifupi mamita oposa 2200 pamwamba pa nyanja. Mfundo pachimake ndi pa kuzungulira 6000 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja. Center Pandzhershskogo gorge m'mudzi ankaona Rukh. Apa akulu omwe zochokera m'chigawo.

kutanthauza gorge

Gorge n'kofunika njira. Makamaka kwambiri iwo anawonetsa pa nkhondo Afghanstan. Popeza kuti chigwa cha mtsinje, moyenda kudzera gorge ndi ukugawa Afghanistan m'magulu kumpoto ndi kum'mwera.

Ndi apa kuti bwino kwambiri ndi yabwino mipita kuchokera mbali ina ya dziko mzake. The mtunda mu nkhani iyi imakhala dongosolo kuipidwa mitsinje komanso makhwawa imene idzadutsa gorge lapansi. Choncho, kwambiri zachilengedwe chitetezo panthawi ya nkhondo. chigwa adziwonetsa malo otetezedwa bwino, organically oyenera zigaŵenga zankhondo kumenyana.

Panjsher anali kufunika njira mu nkhondo chikomyunizimu mu 1975, ndipo kenako pa kulimbana ndi asilikali Soviet pa 10 wazaka nkhondo.

Pa nthawi yonseyi kuti Soviet Union kusunga asilikali m'dziko Asian, gorge, amene anadzipereka kwa nkhani imeneyi kwambiri otentha banga lonse Afghanistan mapu. Pamenepa ndi pamene kumenyana kowopsa zinachitika, izo ziri pano kuti asilikali a Soviet anataya chachikulu cha anthu. Asilikali ambiri Soviet ndi alonda Panjshir anali ndi maloto oyipa moyo wonse.

kumenyana aukali

Fundo m'dera zimenezi zinachititsa amphamvu Afghanstan warlord Ahmad Shah Massoud. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa Salang Pass, amene colloquially amatchedwa "Kabul a pakhosi." Iwo uli pano anathamanga njira kwa Hairatan kuti Kabul. Iye anali msewu waukulu kwa mizati magalimoto kuti anapulumutsidwa ku Afghanistan ku Soviet boma ndi asilikali katundu.

Near mudzi wa Rukh mu zaka zoyambirira za nkhondo ataima otchedwa yachiwiri Muslim battalion lagona pa 177th osiyana mphamvu yapadera. Okwana amaphatikizapo anthu zikwizikwi.

Popeza 1984, iye zochokera 682 Moto oyenda Regiment zilipo za asilikali chikwi. Total odana ndi zigawenga mayunitsi Ahmad Shah Massoud kunachitidwa naini ntchito zikuluzikulu. pakuona ambiri a zochitika anakumbukira kuti anali ndi vuto kwambiri Pandzhurshskom gorge. Zigaŵenga zankhondo anakwanitsa zonse mumaganizira nagonjetsa Soviet.

Mavuto mu gawo ili la dziko lili ndi pambuyo achire wa asilikali Soviet mu 1989. Choyamba kulimbana ndi boma Afghanstan pulezidenti kuchokera 1987 mpaka 1992, Mohammad Najibullah, ndipo kenako Taliban. kayendedwe Islamist amene anabadwa mu Afghanistan mu 1994 pamene Pashtuns chilengedwe.

Chiwerengero cha gorge ndi

Chiwerengero cha chigwa ichi, chimene chinali maziko a chigawo Panjshir, pafupifupi anthu 100 sauzande. deta awa anapereka m'ma 80s, pamene asilikali Soviet anali kumeneko yogwira nkhondoyi.

anthu onsewa anabalalitsidwa midzi 200. Pano palibe deta yolondola pa anthu kumeneko. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana, m'chigwa anakhala anthu 150 mpaka 300 zikwi. Kwenikweni ndi Afghanstan Tajiks. Nthawi zambiri, anthu Tajiks ku Afghanistan kwambiri. Amanenera, anthu 11 miliyoni 13, mlandu wachitatu wa chonse cha anthu. Ndi anthu wachiwiri kukula kwa Afghanistan.

Panjshir - mbiri malo okhala Afghanstan Tajiks. Ndiye moyo wawo 99%. Mu gorge anayamba m'zigawo za lifiyamu ndi emeralds. The kukopa ndicho mausoleum wa Ahmad Shah Massoud.

The kulimbana ndi mphamvu za Massoud

Ndi 1979, pamene nkhondo Afghanistan, kuchokera gorge anali potsiriza kugonja mayunitsi onse a asilikali Afghanstan boma. Izo zinali pansi pa ulamuliro Mtheradi wa mkulu munda Ahmad Shah Massoud. Kenako iye ngakhale kum'patsa dzina Pandzhshursky mkango.

Mu 1979, mphamvu mu dziko anadza kwa mtsogoleri watsopano, Mlembi General wa dziko la Democratic Party wa Afghanistan Babrak Karmal. Anafuna kuti nthawi yomweyo kubwezeretsa ulamuliro boma m'maiko onse. Pa mfundo imeneyi, asilikali a boma ndi kuthandizidwa ndi chimadalira zochepa la asilikali Soviet ku Afghanistan zikugwira ntchito nkhondowo kumasula midzi anayamba kulamulira kupanduka.

District Panjshir Valley anasonyeza kuti mmodzi wa mabvuto ambiri pa nkhani imeneyi. Geography a Afghanistan chinali mwayi kuno mu zoyendera msewu wakhala zochepa zokha chifukwa zovuta lamapiri mtunda. Msewu zinangowonjezera kupyola mu mzinda Gulbahor. Komabe, zinali zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito pamene grouping Masuda ali ndi kukana kwambiri. Komanso anali masood am'deralo. Zimenezi zinkathandiza kuti bwino kuyenda mtunda ndi thandizo lochokera ku dzikowo.

Komanso, gorge uyu anali bwino mayendedwe kulowera ntchito yobweretsa manja ku Pakistan ndi gulu la maphunziro zapansi opanduka.

Tsoka Massoud

Choncho zoona, Ahmad Shah Massoud anali mmodzi wa otsutsa waukulu wa asilikali Soviet pa lonse 10 wazaka stint ku Afghanistan. Dziwani kuti anabadwa mu banja Chitajiki.

Mu 1973, pambuyo kulanda boma, iye anakakamizika kupita ku ukapolo ku Pakistan. Pali analowa chipani Islamist, kutsogozedwa ndi Burhanuddin Rabbani.

Mu 1975 iye anali nawo chiwembu analephera ndi wopondereza Mohammed Daoud. Kenako kumenyana mphamvu Soviet ndi Karmal mtsogoleri.

Potsatira achire a gulu lankhondo la USSR kwenikweni ndinakhala wolamulira Masudistana. Izi wodzitcha boma, zimene zinaphatikizapo chigawo mu kumpoto Afghanistan. Gulu pakati likulu la chigawo Takhar - Taloqan. Masudistan boma chake, pafupifupi mamiliyoni 2.5 anthu, makamaka iwo anali Tajiks, ndalama zake ndi asilikali 60000th.

Mu 1992, Massoud asilikali analowa Kabul. Kenako, Pulezidenti wa Afghanistan anakhala Rabbani ndi Massoud analandira mbiri ya Mtumiki wa chitetezo. Komabe, atagwa wa Soviet Union, Massoud anali kukumanizana Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Mu 1994, chifukwa cha nkhondo ulamuliro wa Kabul anapha zikwi zinayi za anthu wamba, ndi mzinda kwenikweni anawonongedwa.

Koma mu 1996, Taliban anagwira mphamvu Afghanistan, ndi Masudistan membala wa kumpoto Alliance, yemwe walunjika ndi Massoud.

Amadziwika kuti kuyambira mu 1999, Massoud ntchito ndi nzeru American. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 2001, anaphedwa pa lokhudza kuyesa ndi yoponya mabomba kudzipha. Iye yekha anayambitsa monga mtolankhani, ndi bomba chobisika kamera ya kanema. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, Massoud anaphedwa pa malamulo a bin othodwa chifukwa ankagwirizana ndi dziko la America.

Panjshir offensives

Choyamba Panjshir offensives chinachitika mu 1980. Nkhondo unayamba pa April 9. likulu Massoud anawonongedwa, koma izo sizinali n'zotheka kukhala opandukawo kwawo. Chifukwa zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi makina katundu sanathe kupatsira. Icho chinali chimodzi cha kupambana loyamba la asilikali Soviet ku Afghanistan. Panjshir Valley sanali kuoneka yosatsutsika.

Zotsatira za ntchito ankaona bwino. Grouping Masud anagonja anathawa, anali anavulala kwambiri.

Komabe, zifukwa osadziŵika, magulu Soviet atonga kusiya midzi yawo mu battalions mukukhala. Chifukwa, iwo anali Posakhalitsa m'manja mwa zigaŵenga zankhondo za kubwezeretsa Massoud.

Osayanjanitsika ndi Massoud

Massoud anali mmodzi wa warlords Afghanstan, amene anali wofunitsitsa ndi osayanjanitsika mayunitsi Union. The osayanjanitsika woyamba anamaliza yomweyo pambuyo ntchito ya usilikali mu 1980.

Masood walonjeza kuti kuukira Soviet ndi boma mphamvu, nayenso, anamulonjeza kuti kupereka mpweya ndi zida zankhondo thandizo mwambo mwansanga Massoud mayunitsi ndi Party Chisilamu la Afghanistan, kutsogozedwa ndi Hekmatyar.

osayanjanitsika wina anafika kumapeto kwa 1982-1983 a.

The zotsatira za ntchito ya Panjshir

Palimodzi pa kukhala wa asilikali Soviet ku Afghanistan kunachitidwa 9 ntchito zikuluzikulu mu gorge lapansi. Chifukwa cha aliyense wa iwo anali zosakhalitsa ndiponso tsankho ulamuliro wa Panjshir Valley, kenako anatayika.

deta zolondola pa zomvetsa ndi Soviet Army ndi mujahedeen Afghanstan ayi.