Pitani: ndichiyani? lophimba dera ndi kasamalidwe vuto

Mawu akuti "lophimba" mungazipeze zosiyanasiyana malemba luso. Ndi chiyani icho? M'lingaliro kwambiri ambiri - chipangizo cha kusintha madera magetsi (zizindikiro) zimenezi pakompyuta, zinthu zosiyanasiyana za mtengo kapena electromechanically.

M'njira yopapatiza nthawi wotchedwa poyatsira magetsi, zomwe zili ndi magalimoto aliyense ndi injini mafuta. Izi zosiyanasiyana masiwichi, makamaka magalimoto, ndi nkhani imeneyi.

kachitidwe Background poyatsira

Monga amadziwika, aliyense zikugwira ntchito mkombero mafuta injini kuyaka mkati, pali masitepe a kukonza kuyaka mafuta mpweya osakaniza ndi mbali yake kuyaka. Koma osakaniza anatentha, izo ziyenera kukhala chinachake kufukiza.

Yankho ntchito koyamba mu magalimoto mkati injini oyambirira kuyaka, poyatsira anali chisakanizo cha chowala chubu anaikapo mu yamphamvu ndipo preheat musanayambe injini. Pamene ntchito zake kutentha kwa chubu anali anakhalabe chifukwa amayaka aliyense mkombero wa kusakaniza.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mphamvu poyatsira dongosolo magneto ntchito limodzi ndi chisanadze poyatsira a injini, koma poyamba okha injini mafuta mafakitale. Mfundo imeneyi msanga chitidwe ndi automakers, ndipo pambuyo Kutulukira Robert Bosch mu 1902, mwachizolowezi mphamvu pulagi mphanvu dongosolo wakhala muyezo.

Mfundo mphamvu pulagi

Panopa ambiri dongosolo batire poyatsira chikukhudza gwero panopa mu mawonekedwe a batire la galimoto pamene kuyambira ndi galimoto jenereta pamene injini ikulira, ndi koyilo poyatsira ndi thiransifoma ndi voteji mkulu sekondale kumulowetsa kumene mphamvu pulagi poyatsira, ndi wogulitsa (lophimba) poyatsira . Ntchito lophimba ndi nthawi usokoneze dera atsopano a choyambirira kumulowetsa wa koyilo poyatsira. Ndi chilichonse kusokoneza wa kumunda wake panopa maginito alipo mu mfundo za danga kulamulidwa ndi mawaya a sekondale kumulowetsa wa koyilo poyatsira, amachepetsa mofulumira kwambiri. Choncho, malinga ndi lamulo la kupatsidwa ulemu mu atomu pa mfundo yomweyo mu malo pali lalikulu kwambiri solenoidal munda magetsi, amene amalenga ndi mkulu mwamphamvu (kwa 25 kV) mu sekondale kumulowetsa EMF poyatsira koyilo, maelekitirodi mphamvu pulagi ong'ambika. The voteji pakati pawo mofulumira chikufika mtengo chokwanira pa kuwonongedwa kusiyana mpweya, kenako amazembera magetsi mphamvu akayaka kusakaniza mafuta mpweya.

Amene anasintha dongosolo poyatsira?

Choncho, galimoto lophimba. Kodi ndi chifukwa chiyani anafunika? Mwachidule, chipangizo ichi, chimene cholinga chake kuti aswe dera ziliri pa choyambirira kumulowetsa wa koyilo poyatsira mu yabwino kwambiri kwa mphindi ino.

Mu zinayi sitiroko injini kuyaka mkati, mphindi izi zimachitika kumapeto a psinjika sitiroko (2 ntchito sitiroko Ice), atatsala pang'ono pisitoni umalandira otchedwa pamwamba pakati akufa (TDC), imene mtunda mfundo iliyonse pa pisitoni kwa crankshaft olamulira a kasinthasintha wa injini kuyaka mkati ndi pazipita. Popeza crankshaft akupanga zozungulira rotational kayendedwe, panopa kusokoneza mfundo womangidwa kwa ena malo ake asanafike iwo ndi pisitoni TDC malo. Ngodya pakati pa crankshaft malo ndi ndege ofukula amatchedwa nthawi poyatsira. Izo zimasiyanasiyana madigiri 1 mpaka 30.

Popeza mbiriyakale, funso "Car Sinthani: ndichiyani?" - ayenera kukhala ndi udindo, ndi woyamba makina, ndipo kenako monga umisiri zapita patsogolo kwambiri, zamagetsi baka ichidachi mu koyilo poyatsira.

Mawotchi kalambulabwalo poyatsira magetsi

Makamaka, lophimba ndi chipangizo anadziwika atangomwalira, pambuyo mtima wonse amagetsi. Koma choyamba, kuyambira mu 1910, pamene galimoto "Cadillac" anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba dongosolo basi poyatsira, ntchito yake pamodzi ndi ntchito zina zimagwiridwa ndi wogulitsa (powerengetsera). duality Dzina linauka chifukwa cha ntchito yake ziwiri dongosolo poyatsira. Pa dzanja limodzi, pano mu yaikulu kumulowetsa wa koyilo poyatsira n'kofunika pakamwa - choncho "wowaza". Komano, ndi voteji mkulu kumulowetsa wa koyilo poyatsira ayenera alternately anagawira mapulagi wa zonenepa onse, ndi kufunika ngodya patsogolo. Choncho theka lachiwiri la mutu - "wogulitsa".

Monga ntchito powerengetsera?

Bakuman njira vavu chinakhomedwa kasinthasintha ndi crankshaft mkati kutsinde chimene chili ndi ozungulira dielectric ndi onsewo-slider tokoraznosnoy mbale kumapeto ake. Ndi masika-yodzaza mbale zithunzi mpweya burashi olumikizidwa kwa mkulu voteji kukhudzana lalikulu la wogulitsa chivundikiro, womwe chikugwirizana ku sekondale kumulowetsa wa koyilo poyatsira. Tokoraznosnaya mbale nthawi wayandikirawo oyenerera mu ojambula chivindikiro tramblera mawaya mkulu voteji zikubweretsa muyambe zonenepa. Pa mfundo imeneyi yachiwiri akutsirizika spool amapezeka voteji mkulu, amene napyoza kusiyana awiri mpweya: tokoraznostnoy pakati pa mbale ndi kukhudzana waya ndi mphanvu pakati pa maelekitirodi wa mphanvu ya.

Pa kutsinde chomwecho wokwera cams, angapo liri chiwerengero cha masilindala ndi aliyense kamera protrusions lidzatsegulidwa imodzi ndi kulankhula kugwirizana makamaka mphanvu panopa interrupter m'gulu la dera la poyatsira koyilo windings chachikulu.

Kuti pakati pa kulankhula za baka ichidachi alibe chifukwa nsakali pamene lotseguka, chikugwirizana kufanana kwa mkulu-mphamvu capacitor. Pamene kutsegula ojambula Bakuman emf kwachititsa chachikulu kumulowetsa chimayambitsa panopa mlandu capacitor, koma chifukwa cha mphamvu voteji mkulu kudutsa izo, motero kukhudzana kutsegula, ndi pansipa kuwonongedwa mpweya.

Koma nanga bwanji ngodya mumpingo?

Monga amadziwika, ndi kuchepa pafupipafupi kasinthasintha wa crankshaft osakaniza zonenepa ndi kuti azinyadira psinjika ake sitiroko kenako, basi isanafike TDC, ie, poyatsira ngodya ayenera kuchepetsedwa. Tikawonetsetsa ndi kuwonjezeka liwiro rotational mu osakaniza psinjika sitiroko ayenera azinyadira oyambirira, i.e. patsogolo kuwonjezeka njingayo. The powerengetsera amachita izi ntchito centrifugal yang'anira umakaniko zolumukizidwa ndi lophimba cams kutsegula. Iye anatembenuka pa kutsinde wogulitsa kuti iwo posakhalitsa kapena mtsogolo mu psinjika sitiroko amatsegula kulankhula za baka ichidachi osakaniza.

Kukuthandiza kusintha ngodya m'pofunika ndi pa pafupipafupi nthawi imene injini katundu zimasiyanasiyana. Ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa wapadera chipangizo - wosatsogoleredwa yang'anira poyatsira.

Maonekedwe a masiwichi loyamba

Pofika kumapeto kwa 70s Mu zaka zapitazo zinaonekeratu kuti anafooka mfundo tramblera ali kukhudzana baka ichidachi, amene anali kuyenda panopa chachikulu zonse. Iwo kuwotcha zonse ndi kunja kwa dongosolo. Choncho, yankho woyamba anali wapadera pakompyuta lophimba dera pakamwa pano mu koyilo lapansi. Kutsogolo kwake Low voteji malo dera m'gulu mawaya kwa ochiritsira kukhudzana baka ichidachi tramblera. Tsopano Komabe, si ojambula linasokonekera okwana watsopano wa koyilo poyatsira, ndipo panopa ting'onoting'ono lophimba athandizira dera.

Kwenikweni lophimba pakompyuta wakhala amapanga cholinga monga gulu osiyana ndi chikugwirizana (pempho la dalaivala) kwa powerengetsera zachikhalidwe. dongosolo poyatsira amatchedwa imelo kukhudzana. Iye anali wotchuka kwambiri mu 80s Mu zaka zapitazo. Ngakhale lero iwe ukhoza kuwona magalimoto okonzeka ndi izo.

Galimoto kukhudzana lophimba dongosolo pakompyuta zikuchitika transistors.

Chotsatira - kukana kwa kukhudzana baka ichidachi

Lumikizanani baka ichidachi ngakhale mu maonekedwe otsika-panopa, ntchito kukhudzana ndi dongosolo pakompyuta poyatsira, ikhala osalimba kwambiri mfundo. Choncho, automakers ayesetsa ndithu kuthetsa izo. Zimenezi anali korona bwino pambuyo polenga sanali kukhudzana kachipangizo-wogulitsa pamaziko a Nyumba kachipangizo.

Tsopano, m'malo cams angapo pa wogulitsa kutsinde anayamba kukhazikitsa cylindrical dzenje chophimba ndi mawindo ndi slits therebetween, ndi m'mene chiwerengero cha mipata akhungu wofanana ndi chiwerengero cha masilindala engine. Makatani ndi mipata chophimba akusuntha mu maginito opangidwa ndi maginito okhazikika, zapitazi Muzikumbukira Hall kafukufuku. Bola ngati limayenda kupyola katani la zenera, linanena bungwe voteji wa Nyumba kachipangizo akusowa. Pamene shutter ali m'malo mwa kudula ndi Nyumba kachipangizo circuitry pakompyuta wa zimachitika voteji chikutha zikusonyeza kufunika pakamwa pano mu yaikulu kumulowetsa wa koyilo poyatsira. voteji Izi zimachitika imafalikira ndi waya kuti ndigwire lophimba panopa mu poyatsira koyilo, kumene kuli chisanadze nakweza kenako ntchito pofuna kuchepetsa waukulu mphamvu kusinthitsa siteji.

chimake wina wa kachipangizo moyandikana ndi wogulitsa wagawo ndi kachipangizo kuwala, imene phototransistor ndi ntchito, m'malo maginito okhazikika malo a Nyumba kachipangizo - LED. The kachipangizo kuwala ali chophimba onsewo ndi mipata ndi mawindo.

Maonekedwe a lophimba palokha

Motero, contactless dongosolo poyatsira mmalo mwa mmodzi kukhudzana tramblera anali muyezo awiri osiyana: moyandikana (koma otsika voteji) vavu kachipangizo njira ndi lophimba amagetsi. Ntchito mkulu yogawa voteji wa mapulagi mu kachipangizo-njanji akuchitabe makina makina slider ndi mbale tokoraznosnoy.

Ndipo mmene kulamulira yowotcha ngodya? ntchito zimenezi zimagwiridwa centrifugal ndi zingalowe owongolera monga mbali ya n'zotsimikizira-wogulitsa. The woyamba tsopano akusandutsa cams pa kutsinde si, ndipo akugwiritsa shutter nsalu yotchinga, potero akusintha poyatsira njingayo. Zingalowe m'malo yang'anira komanso ali ndi mphamvu kuloza Hall sensa ndi mbale wake amuthandiza, komanso kusintha ngodya zimenezi.

Popeza pamwamba, funso: "The ano galimoto lophimba: ndichiyani" - ayenera kupatsidwa yankho ndi amapanga osiyana pakompyuta wagawo contactless poyatsira dongosolo.

Chokana lafalitsidwa mkulu voteji

Motalikitsa mu lophimba ndi kupitiriza kusamala makina apamwamba voteji wogulitsa yamphamvu kwa mphanvu. Chidwi kwambiri ndi mfundo imeneyi anali mokwanira odalirika osati chifukwa madandaulo kwambiri. Koma nthawi yanji chilili, ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za izi, n'kuyamba kugwirizana dera lasintha lalikulu yotsatira.

Mu magalimoto amakono kwina mkulu voteji kugawa kwa koyilo wina ndi makandulo osiyana. M'malo mwake, iwo "kuchulukitsa" palokha koyilo ndi zitsulo chowonjezera kandulo lililonse yamphamvu. Tsopano, m'malo kukhudzana kusinthitsa mphanvu ya voteji mkulu imagwiridwa contactless kusinthitsa wa coils kwa voteji otsika. Ndithudi, izi complicates lophimba dera, komanso mwayi wa makono dera mamangidwe okulira kwambiri.

Mu magalimoto amakono ndi injini jekeseni kusinthana imayendetsedwa ndi mwina yoyenda yokha ulamuliro wagawo galimoto, kapena kompyuta adakwera. amazilamulira sangokhala kokha kusanthula crankshaft kasinthasintha liwiro, koma zosiyanasiyana magawo ena amakhala ndi mafuta ndi coolant, kutentha zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi chilengedwe. Kuchokera pa kusanthula awo zenizeni nthawi ndi kusintha atakhala poyatsira nthawi.

lophimba zolakwa

Ambiri makina kulephera tramblera ndi yotentha ojambula wake, zonse m'manja ndi mkulu-voteji mphanvu ojambula. Kuti izi sizinachitike (osachepera si mofulumira kwambiri), inu nthawi zonse tiyenera kuyendera iwo, ndipo ngati iwo anapanga chuma, m'pofunika kuchotsa owona singano kapena sandpaper chabwino.

Ngati wolakwika capacitor olumikizidwa ku kufanana kwa ojambula wa matazo, kapena resistor mu dera la chapakati mkulu voteji elekitirodi, mwina m'malo.

Wonongeka ya magetsi ya pakompyuta chifukwa cha kulephera kwa Nyumba kachipangizo nyemba mkuzamawu kapena kusinthana ndi koyilo panopa ambiri osati kugwiridwa, chifukwa chakuti lophimba si lopinda. Pankhaniyi, monga ulamuliro, unit wolakwika limangolembedwa m'malo ndi wina watsopano.

Kodi kufufuza lophimba?

Ngati injini liwiro kuti zachabe "zimatengedwa", kapena makola pa amapita, kapena kuthamanga, onani pamaso pa mphanvu ku poyatsira wogulitsa olumikizidwa kwa Nyumba kachipangizo makandulo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, unscrew iwo kuvala zipewa broneprovodov, anaika makandulo pa "thupi" ndi "sapota ndi" crankshaft sitata. Ngati palibe mphanvu kapena wofooka, muyenera kusuntha kwa magetsi a.

Koma bwanji kuyesa lophimba? M'pofunika kutembenuzira poyatsira pa adziwe mmene voltmeter singano ndi anapanduka. Ngati lophimba ndi kwabwino, ndiye ayenera kusiya kaŵiri. Muvi Choyamba ali mungafike malo amene utsalira masekondi 2-3, ndiyeno atuluka kuti chomaliza (mwadzina) malo. Ngati muvi yomweyo akutenga malo ake omaliza, mungayesere m'malo magetsi.

Kulumikiza lophimba

Kodi kugwirizanitsa lophimba dongosolo contactless poyatsira? Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chipika ake osachiritsika chikugwirizana ndi mawaya awiri kuti malo "B" ndi "K" wa koyilo poyatsira, zitatu waya oyang'anira ndi cholumikizira - ku Nyumba kachipangizo pa kachipangizo-wogulitsa ndi waya umodzi - kuti "thupi". Ndi osachiritsika "+" olumikizidwa kwa dera batire lophimba pa osachiritsika "B" wa koyilo lapansi.