Kodi kufufuza, yabodza mowa wamphamvu kapena ayi?

Chandamale otchuka kwambiri counterfeiting ndi mowa wamphamvu. chifukwa ndi losavuta - zakumwa amayenda malonda. yabodza awo chuma zopindulitsa, chifukwa pamafunika osachepera ndalama.

Singe vodika opangidwa ku masitolo mobisa pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira wa otsika khalidwe. Mowa amapita ku masitolo mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi mankhwala wotchuka mtundu, ndi zolemba, masitampu excise ndi zikalata wopeka.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala angakhale ndi zotsatira zoipa, kuphatikizapo imfa. Malingana ndi madokotala, anthu amene amakonda kumwa izi, musati moyo mpaka zaka makumi zitawonongeka matupi awo zimachitika mofulumira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri mu mowa wamphamvu ili lili ndi poizoni wamphamvu - methanol. Iwo ali kukoma ndi fungo mowa chakudya, koma mtengo wake ndi ochepa kwambiri. Poyamba, mowa methyl ndi zoledzeretsa, ngati mowa wamphamvu kwenikweni. Patapita nthawi, pali zizindikiro limene adzaweruza poyizoni kwambiri, koma mosavuta kusokonezedwa ndi matsire mwachizolowezi, anthu sapita pomwepo kwa dokotala. Mtundu uwu wa mowa kumabweretsa mtima, sitiroko, khungu, mutu zonse, ndi mavuto ena aakulu.

Mwatsoka, mankhwala akhoza ngakhale kugula ku sitolo. Kodi kufufuza, yabodza mowa wamphamvu kapena ayi?

Zizindikiro za yabodza ndi

Vodika kale. Anaonekera chakumwa panthawi imene Russia a dongosolo atatu munda wa kulima mbewu. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti yokonza kututa zosaneneka. Mbewu anthu anali wochuluka, ndipo anali kuchita chinachake. Zotsatira zake zakhala zikamera wa mowa wamphamvu - mankhwala a nayonso mphamvu ndi distillation wa tirigu. Chinachake kenako, D. I. Mendeleevym abwino chiŵerengero cha madzi ndi mowa anatsimikiza. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti amasule mankhwala kuti posachedwapa zinadziwika mu dziko.

Kufuna chakumwa zinachititsa kuti kubadwa kwa njira zambiri izo yabodza. vodika onyenga anagulitsidwa pa mtengo wa pachiyambi. Opanga mankhwala yabodza asonyeza luso ndipo anaphunzira kuti alimbikire ngakhale muli ndi zolemba ndi masitampu excise, mapulagi wapadera ndi satifiketi. Choncho, ogula ndi chidwi funso ili: "Kodi kuzindikira onyenga mowa wamphamvu?"

mtengo

The cheapness mowa kukhala tcheru mu malo oyamba. Kawirikawiri m'masitolo zosiyanasiyana za mtengo mowa za chomwecho. Mtengo, kotero inu mukhoza ingoganizani vodika singed. Komabe, khalidwe ili ndi zina osakwanira kwa kudziwa khalidwe la mankhwala. opanga achinyengo akhoza kukhazikitsa mtengo mofanana mu masitolo.

Point anaigulitsa

Nthawi zambiri onyenga vodika anapezeka pa m'masitolo masitolo ang'onoang'ono. Mungadzitetezere, kugula katundu amagulako lalikulu, kumene inu osachepera kutenga cheke kuti akutsimikiza mfundo ya kugula. Izi zingathandize kutsimikizira mlandu wa sitolo ngati n'koyenera. Koma ngakhale amagulako mukhoza kugula yabodza ngati ali ndi zikalata chomwecho ndi masitampu msonkho khalidwe vodika.

khalidwe capping

Kodi kusiyanitsa vodika yabodza pa mfundo imeneyi? Chinthu choyamba kulabadira mtundu wa mabotolo. Onani ngati chipewa si atembenuza, ngati amapezeka. Vodika botolo ndi dispenser mpira nthawi zambiri pano monga safanana chidebe kupanga ndondomeko ndi yovuta kwambiri.

The wononga kapu ayenera kukhala circlip. An khalidwe n'kofunika mlingo madzi mu botolo. Tara, amene ali wononga chipewa, tiyenera kudzaza mpaka pakati pa khosi. Ngati mumamwa pulagi "peakless kapu", mlingo madzi pamwamba chabe mapewa.

Nkhani za botolo

chakumwa The ziyenera m'kuunika, kutembenuzira chidebe mozondoka. Taonani, kaya matope kapena particles ena achilendo. pamaso kumasonyeza kuti mowa wamphamvu ndi falsified. Ngati kugwedeza botolo, mukhoza kuona thovu la chachikulu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kumwa muli zambiri madzi ndi khalidwe la otsika ake. Singe mowa wamphamvu angakhale mitambo chikasu kapena pinkish kum'chitira.

Sitampu bottling tsiku

Aliyense kudzazidwa botolo azipereka tsiku sitampu. Valani kunja kapena mkati mwa chizindikiro pa botolo galasi kapena kapu. Ziribe kanthu kumene sitampu ndi ili, mawu amene analembedwa pa zikhale zosavuta kuwerenga. Deti la bottling pa chizindikiro ndi kapu ayenera kufanana.

chizindikiro

Popeza fakitale pa zolemba botolo chagwiritsidwa basi, iwo ayenera kukhala wosasunthika, kuphwa glued osati misozi kapena kuwonongeka ena. M'goli ndi osasamala zomatira smears kuti kutsogolo kwa inu yabodza mowa wamphamvu. Ngati mankhwala alipo, ndi zojambula ndi zolemba chizindikiro lidzakhala lowala ndi zosavuta kuwerenga. Pa chonamizira chizindikiro zolemba kukomoka illegible ndipo mwina zolakwa kalembedwe. The barcode ayenera kukhala bwino, osati sawona bwinobwino.

Pa chizindikiro chiyenera zatsatanetsatane za Mlengi. Chosowa mfundo zimenezi kungasonyeze kuti kampani yokha kulibe. Kumbali kutsogolo apereke chizindikiro chitsimikizo, laisensi nambala zokhudza tsiku kudzazidwa kwa mphamvu chakumwa ndipo zikuchokera, komanso dzina ndi adiresi ya Mlengi.

mowa khalidwe

Kodi kuzindikira onyenga mowa wamphamvu, ngati botolo sanapeze chilichonse Muzisamala? Si superfluous kuti aone ubwino wa mowa. Muyenera supuni ndi opepuka. Kutenthetsa mowa wamphamvu adzakhala kung'anima, ndi pamene chitichitira, muyenera kumva zotsalira. Madzi ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala zosasangalatsa ali ndi vuto lina.

Kudziwa kupezeka kwa mafuta fusel mu madzi kuti chimachititsa kukayikirana, m'pofunika kuwonjezera kwa iwo asidi sulfuric mu yofanana. Ngati vodika ndi linada - choncho lili fusel mafuta, ndi lalikulu zedi. Yesani m'munsi mowa buluu litmus pepala. About zosafunika asidi angathe kuyeza ndi kudetsa izo wofiira.

Kudziwa pamaso pa methanol, 10 ml ya chakumwa ndi admixed ndi sopo Muzisamala kusungunuka pang'ono Chinawonjezeka angapo madontho ayodini ndi mkangano pa moto. Ngati vodika methanol pano, ndiye palibe precipitate chikasu limapezeka mu kukhalapo kwa Mowa kapena acetone.

kuteteza opanga

Kuteteza mankhwala kuchokera imitations, ena opanga ntchito machitidwe zina chitetezo chimene sangathe ananamizira. Izi ankakweza manja, ndi zolembera quality, ndi zambiri. Ngati mukufuna kugula mankhwala quality, kuwerenga nkhani pa webusaiti Mlengi za zimene ena amene chitetezo ntchito.

Mungadzitetezere ku chinyengo, iwe uyenera kugula zakumwa m'masitolo akuluakulu, kumene mauthenga pa malonda a chilolezo mowa. Kuganizila zinthu zazing'ono, zimene zimachizidwa aiwala opanga vodika achinyengo.