Mbiri chithunzi cha Brezhnev, kusintha wake. Chithunzi andale a Brezhnev (mwachidule)

Personal ndi ndale chithunzi cha Brezhneva L. I. mbiri yakale ambiri, akatswiri a ndale ndi nzika wamba kuyang'ana wokongola osokoneza. Kupeza munthu wamphamvu zinali zodzaza ndi Boom kwambiri zachuma wa USSR, koma pa nthawi yomweyo nthawi imeneyi anaika maziko zomwe zinachititsa kuti kugwa kwa mphamvu. Ife tiyesa kubereka chithunzi munthu ndi ndale Brezhnev. A chidule cha yonena za States amaperekedwa pansipa.

kubadwa

Tisanayambe pofotokoza chithunzi mbiri ya Brezhnev, mwachidule ayenera kuganizira mphindi mbiri ya moyo wa mfundo imeneyi, kuyambira mu njira zambiri mwachibadwa anasiya umboni chidwi mapangidwe umunthu. Mwachibadwa, tiyenera kuyamba chibadwire.

L. I. Brezhnev anabadwa mu 1906 m'mudzi wa Kamenka, amene anali m'chigawo Ekaterinoslav, pa malire a Ukraine ano. bambo ake anali Ilya Y., ndi mayi wake - Natalia Denisovna Mazalova. makolo onse anali antchito, Russian ndi dziko.

Komanso Leonida Ilicha, banja ndi ana awiri zambiri - Chikhulupiriro ndi Yakobo, koma iwo Ndinabadwira mtsogolo pang'ono m'bale wake wotchuka.

zaka wamng'ono

Nditamaliza maphunziro ndi stint mwachidule mu mphero mafuta Leonid Ilyich analowa Geodetic zaumisiri School mumzinda wa Kursk, kenako mu 1927 ntchito monga woyeza ndi dziko yoyeza m'madera osiyana a dziko, ndipo ndi 1930 nyaa kazembe. mutu wa kasamalidwe dziko dera.

Mu 1927, ukwati zinachitika L. I. Brezhneva ndi Victoria Denisova.

Mu 1931 iye analowa, ndipo patapita zaka zinayi maphunziro Institute for Engineering mu Dneprodzerzhinsk malangizo, kumene anaphunzitsidwa pa mphamvu ya madzulo, pa nthawi yomweyo ntchito locksmith a. Pa chiphaso cha Brezhnev mu ntchito yake sekondale wapita kwambiri. Mu 1931 iye anali zaka twente-faifi membala wa Party Communist.

Nditamaliza maphunziro anakagwira ntchito asilikali dera Trans-Baikal, kumene analimbikitsa kukhala mtsogoleri wandale. Pambuyo retiring ku utumiki mu 1936, anakhala mkulu wa pa koleji mu Dneprodzerzhinsk.

Mu 1937, Brezhnev anaikidwa Wachiwiri mutu wa komiti wamkulu wa mumzinda wa Dneprodzerzhinsk. Pa nthawi yomweyo anasamukira pa makwerero phwando. Choncho, mu 1939 anakhala mlembi wa akuzigawo komiti chipani a m'dera Dnepropetrovsk.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Brezhnev wa dziko mu Red Army. Poyamba, iye anagwira ntchito miyeso yolimbikitsa, ndipo anakhala brigadier Commissioner. Pakutha kwa nkhondo, anaikidwa Mutu wa Administration Political wa 4 Chiyukireniya Front, ndi udindo wa Major General.

makwerero Kukwezeleza chipani

Nkhondo itatha, Leonid Ilyich anapitiriza patsogolo wake makwerero ntchito pa ofesi chipani. Nthawiyi ndi mphamvu ndithu panjira anapanga chithunzi mbiri ya Brezhnev.

Kale mu 1946 anakhala mutu wa Komiti Regional Zaporizhzhya, ndipo chaka chotsatira anasamutsidwa ndi udindo wofanana ndi wa komiti Dnipropetrovsk dera. Mu malo awa, analandira mphoto boma ya kukhazikitsanso unawonongedwa derali, kuphatikizapo dongosolo la Lenin.

Mu 1950, Leonida Ilicha anayembekezera kuwonjezeka kwambiri. Iye anakhala chipani mtsogoleri wa limodzi mwa mayiko a Soviet - Chimoludaviyani SSR, amene anali kale malo a echelon choyamba. Mu 1952, iye anasankhidwa kukhala m'Komiti ya Central. Koma pambuyo pa imfa Stalin, iye chachoka ku nsanamira zonse ndipo anaika mutu wa dipatimenti ndale za apanyanja. Mu 1955, Brezhnev amakhalanso mlembi woyamba wa bungwe Party wa Republic - nthawi iyi mu Chikazaki Soviet Socialist Republic. Inali pa nthawi iyi pali shag.

Popeza 1956, Leonid Ilyich ntchito mu secretariat m'Komiti ya Central ndi mu 1957 anasankhidwa kukhala wa Pulezidenti wa thupilo.

Kuchokera mu 1960 ndi 1964, Leonid Ilyich anatumikira monga mutu wa Presidium a Wamkulukulu. Choncho zitengere pamwamba kwambiri mphamvu mu USSR, kutenga wachitatu positi zofunika kwambiri mu dziko. Chithunzi andale a Brezhnev ukukhala ndondomeko kunadetsa bwino.

kuchotsa Khrushchev ku mphamvu

Mwambo omwe wasinthira chithunzi mbiri ya Brezhnev, anali kuchotsa mu 1954 wa mlembi woyamba wa CPSU, kuti ndiye mutu enieni a boma Nikita Khrushchev mphamvu.

Khrushchev sanasangalale amakonda anthu Soviet, ndi atsogoleri Communist Party pafupifupi nthawi zonse chifukwa iye anayamba kulamulira anali kumutsutsa kwambiri ndithu kuti Nikita Sergeyevich. Intraparty oimira chitsutso sanali malo Khrushchev pa kusintha kwa anthu, komanso wake analephera ndondomeko ya zachuma. Brezhnev sanali poyamba anali a gulu la akuluakulu phwando, ndipo ngakhale mu 1957, mothandizidwa ndi Nikita Sergeyevich, pamene anayesayesa kuchotsa utsogoleri boma.

Koma pofika m'ma 60s zinthu zinasintha. Chitsutso kwa Khrushchev, chifukwa cha mfundo zake zosakhutiritsa ndi zolephera ntchito zachuma, koposa mphamvu. The kufunika kwa kusintha wa utsogoleri boma wakhala akudziwa, ndipo Leonid Brezhnev. N'chimenechi, chithunzi andale a Brezhnev ndiye atsimikiza luso lake kuyankha zosowa za kusintha yeniyeni, osati kutsatira momveka bwino ndi ossified Inde.

The initiators za chiwembu ndi kuloza Khrushchev anali: membala wa chipani Presidium N. V. Podgorny, mkulu wa KGB V. E. Semichastny, ndipo m'mbuyomu udindo womwewo wa mlembi wa A. N. Shelepin. Brezhnev, ngakhale iye limodzi ndi achiwembu, koma sanadutsitse m'dera ntchito imeneyi. Ngakhale, malinga ndi zina, akuti kuti Leonid Ilyich Semichastny thupi kuchotsa Khrushchev adalandira kukana.

Chipani utsogoleri onena Nikita Sergeyevich voluntarism, dilettantism, ndipo analephera ena ndi zachuma ndondomeko, akufuna mlembi woyamba wa chipani kapena mwaufulu kugwirizana kusiya posts onse kapena kusiya choyalutsa. Khrushchev anasankha kale.

Kusankhidwa malo mlembi woyamba

Komanso anaganiza anagawa malo Mlembi Choyamba wa Party Communist ndi mutu wa Bungwe la nduna kale anaikira mu manja omwewo. Pa positi woyamba anaikidwa L. I. Brezhnev, ndipo chachiwiri - A. N. Kosygin.

Poyamba, utsogoleri chipani anali kuganizira kanjedza ziwirizi kukondera, ndipo mwinanso osakhalitsa, koma kunapezeka Patapita lothandiza lonse mu chitukuko cha dziko wakhala kugwirizana ndi zochita zawo. Mbiri chithunzi cha Brezhnev kugwirizana ndi nthawi iyi.

kulimbana andale

Monga tanenera kale, akuluakulu pamwamba chipani takambiranazi kupeza L. I. Brezhneva anatsogolera boma ngati anthu osakhalitsa m'dzikoli, kotero iye anakumana ndi kulimbana ndi mavuto ndi otsutsa mwa zida chipani kukhalabe ake kuti dziko. Luso kuchititsa vutoli abweletsa utoto mu chithunzi mbiri ya Brezhnev.

Mu 1967, ife zakulitsa kutsutsana pa Brezhnev ndi gulu phwando, komwe kunkakhala Shelepin, kasanu ndi kawiri, Podgorny ndi Egorychev. Gulu la anthu Party anaganiza iyo inali nthawi kuloza "osakhalitsa" mlembi woyamba, ndi kuika mu malo ake Shelepin. Chifukwa chaichi, nthaka anakhala palpable mu mawonekedwe a malankhulidwe pamisonkhano chipani ndi kutsutsa zazing'ono za zochita zosiyanasiyana za boma. Koma Leonid Ilyich nthawi imeneyi mphamvu zokwanira komanso mosiyana Khrushchev, anali kuteteza chiwembucho.

Mu 1967, A. N. Shelepin anachotsedwa pa Secretariat m'Komiti ya Central ndi udindo wa mkulu wa mabungwe onse-Union Trade, Egorycheva ankatembenukira ku malo a Mlembi Choyamba wa Moscow nthambi ya Party Communist ndipo umasamutsidwa ku malo a kazembe. Nduna ya zaulimi, ndipo kenako anatumiza kazembe ku Denmark. V. M. Semichastny ku malo mutu wa KGB kunditumiza ku Bungwe la nduna za SSR Chiyukireniya. M'malo mwake anaikidwa munthu wokhulupirika Brezhnev -. Yu V. Andropov. Komanso pa nthawi ino adakali kopita kwa anthu angapo pafupi Leonid Ilyich, pa nsanamira pamwamba boma. Izi Chernenko K. W., Tikhonov, N. A., Tsvigun luso ndi ndani, sopo, Na neri Al. Zocitika za ambiri a iwo anali nawo kale mumzinda wa Dnipropetrovsk, amene anapereka nthawi kunena ina kuti boma USSR kukhazikitsidwa "Dnipropetrovsk Fuko".

Otsiriza a otsutsa zikuluzikulu za m'bwalomo ndale Brezhnev a yathetsedwa NV Podgorny. Izo zinachitika mu 1977, chifukwa thanzi chatsika Leonida Ilicha ankaopa kuti Podgorny, amene anali wapampando wa Presidium a Wamkulukulu, akhoza zopha malo Mlembi General. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iye anachotsedwa mu malingaliro a pantchito.

kusintha

Ponena za chithunzi mbiri ya Brezhnev ndi kusintha wake, m'pofunika kuti anthu amvetse kuti ngakhale mu ulamuliro wake kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo ananyamula mfundo zisinthe, koma anachita anayambitsa, Leonid Ilyich. The injini chachikulu cha luso anali A. N. Kosygin, amene anali wapampando wa Bungwe la nduna. positi anali ofanana ndi momwe zinthu zirili pano Mutu wa boma kapena Nduna m'mayiko ena. Popanda kutchula kwa States Ichi sichitheka kulemba wathunthu mbiri chithunzi cha Brezhnev. mfundo zoweta Mlembi General wa M'malo mwake, anali umalimbana kuteteza boma lakale, ngakhale wapanikizidwa zinthu zachuma Leonid Brezhnev ndi anakakamizika kuvomereza mongoyembekezera ndi maganizo Kosygin.

Ngakhale Kosygin, mosiyana Shelepin, sanali atasemphana mwachindunji ndi Brezhnev, koma Zinaonekeratu kuti ambiri a masitepe zazindikirika ndi mlembi wamkulu mu mthunzi.

kusintha Economic mu 1965, amene anapita mu mbiri pansi pa dzina la kusintha Kosygin kuchotsa matupi mapulani dera, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mipherezero mu kukula kwa kudziyimira pawokha amakampani payekha. Zowonetsera amakampani akhala profitability awo ndi dzuwa.

Kukula kwa kudziyimira pawokha amakampani anali ngati nomenclature chipani, lotsogoledwa ndi L. I. Brezhnev. Mbiri chithunzi cha mtsogoleri ndi nthawi yodziwika ndi maganizo mwachilungamo ndiwofatsa. Nzosadabwitsa malamulo onse a nthawi imeneyo, motsutsana ndi Khrushchev m'firiji pamtunda, wotchedwa Wachiwiri-Stalinism, ndi zochitika za chuma dziko - stagnation. Kuyambira kumayambiriro 70 ntchentche za kusintha kupitirirabe Kosygin anayamba mphepo pansi, njira kasamalidwe okhwima boma la chuma anayamba kuchita monga kale.

Kukana kusintha okonzedweratu kugwa chuma Soviet Union m'tsogolo.

Economic chitukuko wa USSR

Pa nthawi yomweyo tisaiwale kuti munali mu nthawi Brezhnev muyezo wa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa za Soviet Union wafika pamwamba kuposa kale lonse. Anthu ambiri pozhivshie m'masiku amenewo ndi kusungulumwa wa stagnation monga "zaka golide".

Koma moyo wapamwamba zikanatheka pokha pokha mwana'yo ndi "kudya kutali" wa nkhokwe iwo amene akhala atasunga Soviet Union pa nthawi yapita chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu ya anthu a anthu wamba. Komanso anali pansi Brezhnev mbali yokulirapo ya revenues anali katundu mafuta kupereka, m'matangadza kwambiri umene unayamba yapangidwa Siberia. Bola mpaka mapeto a 70s pa mtengo wa gwero wakhala mkulu, n'zotheka kuonetsetsa amphamvu ntchito zachuma. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, mfundo imeneyi womangidwa chuma kwa mitengo mafuta, kuyambira chiyambi cha 80s ndi kugwa kwa mtengo wa golidi wakuda wakhala umodzi mwa zinthu zimene zinathandiza kuti kugwa kwa chuma.

Komanso zochitika zoipa zimene Brezhnev nyengo anali overproduction kumabungwe ena chuma ndiponso kusowa ena.

mfundo yachilendo

Mu chiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Brezhnev anakumana ndi kugalukira Czechoslovak, amene anali osiyana ndi USSR, ulamuliro enieni a dziko. Iye anatenga kusankha osasunthika kutumiza asilikali Soviet ku Czechoslovakia kuti athetse zimenezi. Kotero iye anali wokhoza kusunga chikoka cha Soviet Union mu Europe.

Pa nthawi yomweyo chiyambi cha 70s wa chinali normalization ubale ndi United States. Pulezidenti American ngakhale anapita ku Moscow.

zinthu zinasintha pambuyo 1979, pamene boma la Soviet Union anatuma asilikali Afghanistan. Zimenezi zinachititsa chakuti akagonana pakati pa USSR ndi West ali sefani ndi phwaa, ndi la Soviet Union polima angapo ziletso.

m'zaka zaposachedwapa

Mu zaka zomalizira za moyo wake mu L. I. Brezhneva anali anati mavuto kwambiri thanzi. Iye matenda angapo mtima ndi zikwapu kuti anakhudzidwa luso maganizo. Kuwonjezera apo, iye anali zizolowezi kuti ogonetsa, popanda zomwe iye akanakhoza kugona.

Popeza 70s mochedwa, Brezhnev sanathe atsogolere boma ndi boma la dziko Ndipotu wadutsa mu manja mwa bwalo mumtima mwake, pamene Leonid Brezhnev anakhalabe mlembi wamkulu mpaka imfa yake.

imfa

Anafa L. I. Brezhnev mu November 1982, mmodzi wa zing'onozing'ono ake. Monga anatsimikiza mtima dokotala, imfa chifukwa kumangidwa mtima. Anakhumba wolowa Mlembi General sanatchule, kotero dziko akhadikhira kulimbana watsopano mphamvu.

Leonid Brezhnev anaikidwa pa Red Square.

makhalidwe General

Tiyeni kuyesera kuti afotokoze chithunzi andale a Brezhnev. Mwachidule, tinakambirana za zikuluzikulu zikuluzikulu za mbiri yake amene angatithandize anagona chithunzi coherent.

Leonid Brezhnev anali munthu wa malingaliro ndiwofatsa, sukulu yakale. Mu njira zambiri, iye anali wachifundo kwa mfundo Stalin, ngakhale mwalamulo kukonza izo sanayese n'komwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nthawi zina anali kudziŵika kuti iye anali wokhoza asinthe maganizo ake poyamba, ndipo kusinthasintha kusintha zinthu. Koma ndi zaka, luso limeneli kukhala okonzeka kusintha Brezhnev anayamba kuvutika, ndi kutha kwa kufunafuna kuteteza lamulo lakale, kaya kusintha kunja, anafotokoza bwino.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti kukwaniritsa cholinga chachikulu cha Brezhnev anali wofunitsitsa kuchita zinthu zimene zikuchepa chosemphana ndi malamulo ambiri amavomereza za makhalidwe abwino.

Koma tiyenera kuzindikira kuti chithunzi mbiri ya Brezhnev, malinga ndi aligorivimu, wasenza pasadakhale, sizigwira ntchito recreate, monga zinali zomvetsa yowala ndi maganizo m'mbiri ya dzikoli.