Red Army: chilengedwe. Mbiri ya Red Army

Poyamba, Soviet Red Army, chilengedwe chimene chinachitika motsutsa likhale nkhondo incipient boma, anali ndi makhalidwe zosatheka. The Bolsheviks ankakhulupirira kuti asilikali a dongosolo zokomera zikhazikitsidwe maziko kwawo. Ntchito mogwirizana ndi mfundo Marxist. Chotero asilikali ankatsutsa makamu zonse za m'mayiko a Azungu. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso ongolankhula anthu zinangokhala "zida zankhondo chilengedwe anthu."

kulengedwa kwa Red Army

Njira yoyamba ya Bolsheviks analankhula za zinthu zimene mukufuna kupereka dongosolo lakale tsarist. December 16, 1917 lamulo chinaperekedwa kupasula chiwerengero kapitawo. Atsogoleli tsopano osankhidwa ndi atumiki awo. Monga pakati pa zipani, pa tsiku la chilengedwe cha asilikali watsopano Red Army anali kuti tikhale demokalase. Zasonyezanso kuti malingaliro awa sanathe kupulumuka mayeso a m'nthawi wamagazi.

The Bolsheviks anatha kulanda mphamvu Petrograd ndi thandizo la Red alonda ndipo si ambiri munthu detachments chosintha wa a panyanjawa ndi asilikali. The Provisional boma ziwalo ndi kuti nthabwala adziwerenga ntchito Lenin ndi gulu lake. Koma kunja likulu anakhalabe dziko yaikulu, zomwe zinali konse okonzeka Party ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira, amene atsogoleri anabwera Russia mu sitima losindikizidwa kwa mdani Germany.

Ndi chiyambi cha m'ziwawa nkhondo yapachiweniweni, magulu Bolshevik ankasiyana maphunziro osauka asilikali komanso kusowa ulamuliro centralized bwino. Iye anatumikira mu Red alonda motsogozedwa chisokonezeko chosintha ndi awo kukhudzidwa mwini ndale, omwe pa nthawi iliyonse kusintha. Udindo wa kumene analengeza mphamvu Soviet anali kuposa moyo. Iye ankasowa ukasintha latsopano Red Army. Creation wa asilikali anali ndi nkhani ya moyo ndi imfa kwa anthu atakhala Smolny.

Kodi mavuto amene anakumana ndi Bolsheviks? chipani sakanakhoza kupanga gulu lake lankhondo pa makina chimodzimodzi. Top chimango nthawi ya mafumu ndi Provisional boma nkomwe ankafuna kugwirizana ndi lamanzere phiko ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Vuto chachiwiri chinali chifukwa chakuti Russia kwa zaka zingapo anamenyana Germany ndi ogwirizana ake. asilikaliwo atatopa - iwo nkhongono. Kuti kuligonjetsa m'gulu la Red Army, oyambitsa ake anabwera ndi kuwalimbikitsa m'dzikolo kuti adzakhala chifukwa zokwanira kamodzinso nkhondo.

Bolsheviks, sizikusoweka kuti apite kutali. Iwo adzipangira lalikulu galimoto mphamvu ya ankhondo ake, mfundo ya kulimbana kalasi. Mkubwela kwa RSDLP (B) ali anamasulidwa malamulo ambiri. Malinga ndi mawu a osawuka anafika m'dziko ndi antchito - zomera. Tsopano iwo anali kuteteza akupeza wa zisinthe. Chidani akadali tithe (landlords, capitalists ndi T. D.) Ndi maziko amene anapuma Red Army. Creation wa Red Army zinachitika January 28, 1918. Pa tsiku ili, boma latsopano la nkhope ya Bungwe la Commissars Anthu amenewa lamulo kake.

The kupambana loyamba

Ndiponso anakhazikitsa Vsevobuch. dongosolo lino cholinga maphunziro chilengedwe lankhondo la nzika za RSFSR ndiyeno USSR. Vsevobuch anaonekera April 22, 1918, chigamulo March pa pochimanga anatengedwa pa VII Congress wa RCP (B). The Bolsheviks ankaganiza kuti dongosolo latsopano kuwathandiza mwamsanga ndikhale wa Red Army.

Mapangidwe magulu okhala ndi zida chinkhoswe mwachindunji mabungwe mderalo. Komanso, chifukwa cha ichi akhazikitsidwa makomiti chosintha (makomiti chosintha). Poyamba, anasangalala kudziyimira pawokha ndithu boma. Amene anali pamenepo Red Army? Chilengedwe cha dongosolo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kuchuluka zida za zosiyanasiyana akatemera. Awa anali anthu amene anatumikira mu zaka tsarist asilikali-asilikali wamba, asilikali ndi amalinyero pakati Red alonda. The heterogeneity wa zikuchokera zikuwononga amakhudza nkhondowo wokonzeka a asilikali. Komanso, magulu zambiri zinthu inconsistently chifukwa chisankho cha atsogoleri, misonkhano ndi kasamalidwe losonkhanitsidwa.

Ngakhale zolakwa zonse, Red Army mu miyezi oyambirira a Civil nkhondo lakwaniritsa kupambana zofunika kuti akhala chinsinsi chigonjetso chake tsogolo lopanda mangawa. The Bolsheviks anali wokhoza kusunga Moscow ndi Ekaterinodar. kuukira boma anali kuletsedwa chifukwa chidwi cha ophunzira chipitirire ntchito, komanso yotakata anthu. malamulo Populist boma la Soviet (makamaka 1917-1918.) Kodi ntchito yawo.

Trotsky anatsogolera asilikali

Pa la Civil nkhondo njira ya kulenga Red Army msanga anatsatira mzake. April 22, atsogoleri 1918 chisankho anali zimafika. Tsopano atsogoleri mbali, brigades ndi magulu anasankhidwa mwa Commissariat la Anthu Yoona za usilikali. Mutu woyamba wa bungwe mu November 1917 anali Nikolai Podvoisky. Mu March 1918 m'malo ndi Leon Trotsky.

munthu uyu anali chapatsogolo ya October kuukira boma mu Petrograd. Chosintha anatsogolera adani a mauthenga m'matauni ndi Zima Palace ya Smolny, komwe likulu la Bolsheviks. Mu gawo loyamba la Civil nkhondo Trotsky chithunzi mu lonse ndi kufunika kwa zosankha mu zosatheka wolephera chithunzi Vladimira Lenina. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Lev Davidovich anasankhidwa monga Commissar Anthu Yoona za usilikali. talente yake bungwe mu ulemerero wake onse akuwonekera mu positi. Pamizu ya kulengedwa kwa Red Army anali woyambirira awiri Commissar.

alonda Tsarist mu Red Army

Theoretically, ndi Bolsheviks anaona gulu lake kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso kuyeza m'kalasimo. Komabe, kupanda zinachitikira ambiri ogwira ntchito ndi anthu wamba akanakhoza anachititsa kugonjetsedwa wa chipanichi. Choncho, mbiri ya Red Army anatenga Poyankha wina pamene Trotsky akufuna kuti azitha tithe wake wakale alonda tsarist. akatswiri amenewa ndi zambiri kwambiri. Onse a iwo anapambana First World nkhondo, ndipo ena kumbukirani, ndi Chirasha Japanese. Ambiri a iwo poyamba anali olemekezeka.

Pa tsiku la kulengedwa kwa Red Army, ndi Bolsheviks ananena kuti adzakhala anachotsa a mumzinda ndi adani ena a proletariat lapansi. Komabe, yeniyeni kufunika pang'onopang'ono kusintha njira ya mphamvu Soviet. Tikawerenga za kuopsa anali kusintha kwambiri zochita zawo. Lenin anali wanzeru kuposa motsimikiza. Kotero iye anavomera kukondera pa nkhani ya akuluakulu a kunyumba yachifumu.

Kukhalapo kwa Red Army "counterrevolutionary chimadalira" kalekale mutu Bolsheviks. alonda wakale tsarist mobwerezabwereza anakweza kugalukira. Mmodzi mwa anthu amenewo anali kupanduka kutsogoleredwa ndi Mihaila Muraveva mu July 1918. The Kumanzere SR ndi kale tsarist kapitawo anasankhidwa mkulu wa East Front, ndi Bolsheviks, pamene magulu awiri akadali anapanga mgwirizano wina. Iye anayesera kuti akagwire mphamvu Simbirsk, amene panthawiyo anali pafupi ndi zamasewero ku nkhondo. kupanduka anali kuletsedwa ndi Joseph Vareikis ndi Mihailom Tuhachevskim. Zipolowe mu Red Army, monga ulamuliro, anali chifukwa miyeso nkhanza kuonetsa lamulo.

Maonekedwe a anatumiza

Kwenikweni, tsiku la kulengedwa kwa Red Army si chizindikiro zofunika pa kalendala kwa mbiri ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet m'dera la ufumu wakale Russian. Popeza asilikali anakhala pang'onopang'ono sakanikira, ndi mabodza otsutsa - wolimba ndi CPC anaganiza kukhazikitsa malo commissars asilikali. Iwo anali kuchita propaganda pakati pa amuna phwando ndi akatswiri akale. Bungweli kuti kusalaza zikutsutsana maganizo andale a maudindo anthuwo. Ali ndi mphamvu analandira ndithu, oimira chipani osati ophunzira ndi anakwera Red Army, koma ananenanso pamwamba pa kusadalirika anthu, kusakhutira, ndi zina zotero. D.

Choncho, Bolsheviks anakwiriridwa mu mayunitsi asilikali diarchy. Pa dzanja limodzi anali atsogoleri, ndi zina - ndi anatumiza. Mbiri ya Red Army zikanakhala osiyana ngati osati maonekedwe awo. Mwadzidzidzi, mutsogoleli wadziko kukhala mtsogoleri yekhayo, kusiya lamulo chakumbuyo. Mabungwe asilikali zinalengedwa kulamulira zopatutsana ndi ikuluikulu. Aliyense wa matupi awa ali gawo la mkulu wina ndi Commissioner awiri. Iwo anakhala yekha osamva anaumitsa Bolsheviks (monga ulamuliro, anthu amene anagwirizana ndi Party pamaso zitasintha). Ndi kuchuluka kwa asilikali, motero anatumiza, akuluakulu a boma anali kulenga zomangamanga latsopano maphunziro zofunika okopa ntchito maphunziro ndi agitators.

propaganda

Mu May 1918 izo chinakhazikitsidwa ndi likulu la Russia, ndipo mu September - Chiwukirano usilikali Council. Izi masiku ndi tsiku kulengedwa kwa Red Army anali ofunika kufalitsa ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya Bolsheviks. Chikadzangotha October kuukira boma, chipani yopita kwa radicalization wa zinthu pa dziko. Pambuyo kulephera kwa RSDLP (b) chisankho kuti Assembly Constituent , bungwe ili (chofunika kudziwa tsogolo la Russia pa maziko kusankidwa) anali omwazikana. Tsopano otsutsa Bolshevik anakhalabe opanda zida malamulo kuteteza udindo wake. Mwamsanga adanyamuka White kuyenda m'madera osiyanasiyana m'dzikoli. Menyani zinali zotheka mwa asilikali - Mwaichi, ndipo anatenga kulengedwa kwa Red Army.

Photos amateteza chikominisi tsogolo anayamba kusindikizidwa ku mulu waukulu wa manyuzipepala mabodza. The Bolsheviks poyamba anayesetsa kuti pakhale otaya analembedwa kumene usilikali mothandizidwa ndi mawu catchy .. "The lawo Socialist ali pangozi", etc. wokwana miyezo amapatsidwa zotsatira, koma sikunali kokwanira. Ndi April, kukula kwa asilikali chawonjezeka mpaka mlingo wa anthu 200 zikwi, koma zimenezi sizikanakhala zokwanira pogonjetsa chipani m'dera lonse la ufumu wakale Russian. Musaiwale kuti Lenin kudzakhala kusintha dziko. Russia anali iye yekha bridgehead koyamba isanayambike wa proletariat lonse. Kumapangitsanso mabodzawo mu Red Army unakhazikitsidwa kulamulira ndale.

Mu chaka cha Red Army analowa, osati chifukwa cha maganizo. The frazzled yaitali nkhondo ndi dziko la Germany, dziko akhala ndinamverera kuchepa kwa mankhwala. vutolo makamaka pachimake njala unkachitika m'mizinda. Wotere bezraduzhnyh osauka anafuna pa mtengo uliwonse utumiki (Ibid chitsimikizo chokwana zonse).

Mawu oyamba yolembedwa usilikali konsekonse

Ngakhale kulengedwa kwa Red Army anayamba malinga ndi lamulo la Mayiko a Commissars Anthu a mu January 1918, imathandizira pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali watsopano wa asilikali uja anafika mu May pamene anauka Czechoslovak Corps. asirikali awa atengedwa ukaidi pankhondo World Ine, anatenga mbali ya gulu woyera ndi anatsutsa Bolsheviks. The zikukhudza ziwalo ndipo dziko ndi ochepa 40000th nyumba wakhala kwambiri kothandiza ndiponso akatswiri asilikali.

News la kupanduka anautsa ndi Lenin ndi Committee Executive Central. The Bolsheviks anaganiza a pamapindikira. May 29, 1918, inalamula malinga ndi zomwe anayambitsa mokakamizidwa asilikali kupita kunkhondo. Iwo natenga maonekedwe yolimbikitsa. Mu ndondomeko zoweta, boma Soviet anatengera mfundo za nkhondo chikominisi. Alimi osati mosatsata mbewu zawo, umene ndi boma, komanso massively anakwera kwa asilikali. Wamba kukhala chipani kusonkhanitsa kutsogolo. Pakutha pa Civil nkhondo, ndi hafu ya anthu a RSDLP (b) anali asilikali. Komanso, pafupifupi Bolsheviks anakhala commissars ndi antchito ndale.

Chilimwe Trotsky ali upainiya oyamba yolembedwa usilikali konsekonse. Mbiri ya Red Army Mwachidule, anagonjetsa Chinthu chinanso. July 29, 1918 amuna onse amene ali oyenera thanzi anali ndi zaka 18 mpaka 40, ndiwo anawerengedwa. Ngakhale oimira bourgeois kalasi mdani (amalonda zakale, industrialists, ndi zina zotero. D.) Zina mwa asilikali kumbuyo. kukhwimitsa malamulo tagwira zipatso. Creation wa Red Army mu September 1918 analola kutumiza kutsogolo anthu oposa 450 thousand (za wina 100,000 asilikali anakhalabe kumbuyo).

RVS

Trotsky, ngati Lenin, pa nthawi sanasamalidwe Marxist mfundo, kuti kusintha nkhondowo imapanga ya zachitetezo. Zinali iye, monga Commissar Anthu wakhala anayambitsa kukonza zofunika ndi kusintha kutsogolo. asilikali wabwezeretsa kuphedwa chifukwa chothaŵa ndi kulephera kutsatira malamulo. Anabwerera kanali, mawonekedwe yunifolomu, kasamalidwe yekha ulamuliro, ndi zizindikiro zina zambiri nthawi ya mfumu. May 1, 1918 pa Khodynka Field mu Moscow ndinkakhala nalo pa perete loyamba la Red Army. Pa mphamvu zonse, dongosolo udachita Vsevobuch.

Mu September, Trotsky anatsogolera utangoyamba Chiwukirano usilikali Council. Izi bungwe boma anali pamwamba pa piramidi wa kasamalidwe, kutsogolera asilikali. Dzanja lamanja Trotsky anali Joachim Vatsetis. Iye anali woyamba mu ulamuliro wa Soviet anasankhidwa mkulu. Kuti yophukira yomweyo inakhazikitsidwa amadzibisa - South, East ndi North. Aliyense wa iwo anali likulu lake. M'mwezi woyamba wa Red Army inali nthawi njakata - ndi Bolsheviks anali pakati pa mfundo ndi kuchita. Tsopano malamulo a pragmatism wakhala lalikulu, ndi Red Army anayamba kutsatira njira amene anasonyeza maziko ake m'zaka lotsatira.

nkhondo chikominisi

Mosakayikira, chifukwa kulengedwa kwa Red Army ndi kuteteza boma Bolshevik. Poyamba, ankalamulira mbali yaing'ono kwambiri a European Russia. Mu nkhani iyi, RSFSR anali pansi mavuto adani a ku mbali zake zonse. Kamodzi iye anasaina Brest Mtendere ndi Germany ndi Kaiser litalanda Russia mu mphamvu Entente. alowererepo anali wamng'ono (kuti anaphimba kokha kumpoto kwa dziko). Mphamvu European anali mikono makamaka woyera ndi ndalama. Pakuti Red Army anaukira French ndi English kunali chifukwa ena kwa kuphatikiza ndi kulimbitsa propaganda mmaudindo. Tsopano kulengedwa kwa Red Army mwachidule ndi bwino akanakhoza kufotokoza Russia chitetezo kuwukira yachilendo. zolembedwa anathandiza kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa analembedwa kumene usilikali.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Civil nkhondo, panali vuto kupereka asilikali ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu. chuma ziwalo, makampani zambiri Amenya kunabuka m'mudzi wakhala ponseponse njala. Kuti ali ndi maziko awa kuti boma la Soviet anayamba kuchita malamulo a nkhondo chikominisi.

Mfundo yaikulu ya zinali zophweka. chuma chinakula kwambiri centralized. The State anali kutenga kwathunthu mu manja awo pa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka chuma m'dziko. Industrial mabizinezi anali nationalized yomweyo pambuyo October kuukira boma. Tsopano, Bolsheviks anali Finyani madzi onse a m'mudzi. Requisitioning, ndi kupatsa msonkho mantha munthu osauka, amene sanafune kuuza boma mbewu zawo - onse kudalowa kusewera kuti azithandiza ndi ndalama zogulira ndi Red Army.

polimbana chothaŵa

Trotsky panokha anapita kutsogolo kuti kulamulira kuphedwa kwa madongosolo awo. August 10, 1918 anafika ku Sviyazhsk, monga kutali kumenyana Kazan. Pankhondo zowawa wina wa Red Army regiments chinachepa nathawa. Trotsky anawomberedwa poyera msilikali aliyense atenge limodzi la magawo khumi mwa dongosolo lomenyera nkhondo imeneyi. ziwawa zimenezi, mochuluka ngati mwambo wina, amatikumbutsa Roma mwambo - decimation.

Ndi zochita za Commissar anayamba kuwombera deserters osati malingerers, kupempha chilolezo kuchokera kutsogolo kwa matenda kungoganiza. The apogee wa polimbana othawa kwawo kunali chilengedwe zagranotryadov. Pa pasadakhale mphamvu zazikulu kuseri kwa duwa anasankhidwa asilikali anawomberedwa kabudula wamkati bwino pa nkhondo. Choncho mothandizidwa ndi miyeso draconian ndi nkhanza zosaneneka, Red Army anakhala chitsanzo chabwino kulangidwa. The Bolsheviks anali wolimba mtima ndi olamulirawo wanzeru zimene asilikali sanayese n'komwe ankhondo White. Trotsky chiyani sanyoza njira iliyonse kufalitsa Soviet boma posachedwa unadziwika ngati "chiwanda kusintha."

Kugwirizana ya zachitetezo

Anasintha pang'onopang'ono ndi maonekedwe a Red Army. Poyamba, Red Army sinabweretse mtundu umodzi wa zovala. Asilikali amakonda kupitiriza atavala zachisilikali kapena wamba zovala zake zakale. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka yaikulu wamba atavala mu nsapato, ndi mochuluka kuposa Khoma mwachizolowezi mu nsapato. chisokonezo chotero chinakhalapo mpaka mapeto a kugwirizana ya zachitetezo.

Kumayambiriro 1919 anayambitsa yamawangamawanga kusiyana malinga ndi chigamulo cha Bungwe usilikali Chiwukirano. Pa nthawi yomweyo Red Army ali chipewa chake, lomwe anadziwika ambiri monga Budenovka. Shirt ndi chikhoto ali mavavu akuda. Kuzindikira chizindikiro nyenyezi wofiira sewn pa nduwira ya.

The oyamba a Red Army zina mwa zinthu khalidwe la asilikali wakale zinachititsa chakuti panali otsutsa kagulu kamene mu chipani. mamembala ake anali mokomera kukana wa kunyalanyaza maganizo. Lenin ndi Trotsky, anagwirizana mphamvu mu March 1919 pa VIII Congress anali kufotokoza njira yawo.

Kugawikana kwa White kayendedwe, ndi propaganda mphamvu ya Bolsheviks, pofunitsitsa kukwaniritsa kupondereza apeze tithe ake, ndi zina zambiri zinachititsa chakuti mphamvu Soviet unakhazikitsidwa mu gawo pafupifupi lonse la ufumu wakale Russian, kupatula Poland ndi Finland. Red Army anapambana nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Pa chomaliza nkhondo mphamvu ake anali kale anthu mamiliyoni 5.5.