Olimba ndi crystalline ndi thupi amorphous. Crystal - wotchedwa mu ayezi wakale. Ndiyeno anatchedwa khwatsi galasi ndi rhinestone, kuganizira mchere mantha ayezi. makhiristo chilengedwe ndi opangidwa (kupanga). Iwo ntchito makampani zodzikongoletsera, Optics, zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, kuti muzilowa zinthu zina zida mkulu-mwandondomeko monga chuma superhard abrasive.
zolimba Tinthu yodziwika ndi kuwuma, ndi malo mosamalitsa zonse mu danga la mamolekyulu, maatomu kapena ayoni, potero kupanga nthawi atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena galasi latisi (loukitsa). Kunja, kuti chimaoneka makamaka olimba mawonekedwe chosokonekera thupi ndi zina thupi katundu. Mu mawonekedwe akunja kwa thupi galasi amasonyeza chosokonekera chibadidwe mu mkati "CD" particles. Kudziwa Kuyanjana pakathi pa kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino pakati pa nkhope timibulu onse operekedwa wa chinthu chomwecho.
Iwo adzakhala ofanana ndi mtunda kuchokera pakati kuti wagona pakati pa maatomu oyandikana (ngati inali pa mzere umodzi molunjika, mtunda uyu adzakhala yemweyo mu kutalika kwa mzere). Koma kwa maatomu omwe kugona pa mzere molunjika kuchokera kumbali ina, mtunda adzakhala osiyana pakati pa malo a ma atomu. N'chifukwa anisotropy lapansi. Anisotropy - Chofunika amasiyana ndi zolimba amorphous crystalline.
Oposa 90% zolimba akhoza zimachitika ndi timibulu. Mu chikhalidwe, alipo mu mawonekedwe a mibulu limodzi ndi zitsanzo polycrystalline. timibulu Single - wosakwatiwa, mbali yomwe anthu awa akuimira polygons zonse; iwo yodziwika ndi pamaso pa latisi mosalekeza Krustalo, ndi anisotropy wa thupi katundu.
Polycrystals - thupi wopangidwa ndi timibulu ambiri ang'ono, "zinaphatikizidwa" ndi mzake penapake erratically. Polycrystals ndi zitsulo, shuga, miyala, mchenga. Mu matupi amenewa (mwachitsanzo, chitsulo mpukutu) anisotropy si zambiri zimaonekera chifukwa dongosolo mwachisawawa mphepo, ngakhale payokha anatengedwa galasi anisotropy khalidwe la thupi.
katundu Other zipangizo crystalline: kutentha mosamalitsa kumatanthauza crystallization ndi mfundo limatsogolera (pamaso pa mfundo yovuta), mphamvu elasticity, madutsidwe, kamwazi, kutentha madutsidwe.
Amorphous - wopanda mawonekedwe. Choncho kwenikweni amene anawamasulira kuchokera ku mawu achigiriki. Amorphous thupi analengedwa ndi chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Amber, phula, chiphala galasi. Mwa kulenga anthu yokumba amorphous zolimba nawo - galasi ndi utomoni (yokumba), paraffin, mapulasitiki (ma polima) wopambana, ayendetse, naphthalene, var. zinthu Amorphous mulibe latisi galasi chifukwa dongosolo wachisokonezo la tinthu (maatomu, ayoni) mu dongosolo thupi. Choncho, katundu thupi ena amorphous thupi isotropic - yemweyo mu njira zonse. Zipangizo amorphous, palibe yovuta kutentha limatsogolera mfundo, kenako anasintha pa Kutentha ndi kuwasandutsa madzi viscous. matupi Amorphous allocated wapakatikati (kusintha) vuto pakati zakumwa ndi zolimba crystalline: iwo anaumitsa ndi kukhala zotanuka mopitirira mwina osokoneza pamene anapha apezeka wopanda mawonekedwe pa otsika kutentha. Pa kutentha, zinthu izi kuonetsa ductility, kukhala zakumwa viscous.
Tsopano inu mukudziwa zomwe thupi galasi!