The French kuukira boma (1848-1849 biennium)

Palibe chochitika mbiri sangatengedwe kukhala popanda nkhani ya kusonyeza nyengo ya. Kuti French kuukira boma la 1848-1849 ali inextricably kumayambitsa zochitika zimene anatsimikiza za maganizo a m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

Linatembunuka XIX atumwi

Mpaka mapeto a dziko m'ma XVIIII anakhalabe ndi mafumu mtheradi, otchulidwa Bourbon mafumu. Komabe, ulimi mu France mu 1789 chinali chifukwa cha kugwa kwa dongosolo mwachizolowezi ndale ndi kuphedwa kwa Mfumu Louis XVI. Mu 1792 dziko analengeza lipabliki.

Koma choyamba zinachitikira demokalase zinalephereka. Kugwa mafumu yokakamiza m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya kugwirizanitsa motsutsa Republic Choyamba. Kampani wakhala anagwirizana padziko chithunzi wachikoka wa Napoleon Bonaparte ananena kuti mfumu mu 1804 kufalikira ku Europe idatha kulephera. Kugonjetsedwa ku Russia, komanso ku Leipzig ndi Waterloo kutha ulendo uno. Bonaparte anali ku ukapolo ku St. Helena, ndipo dziko lake wayamba Kubwezeretsa wa Bourbon (1814 -. 1830 gg).

Reactionary malamulo a boma komanso kuyesetsa ake kubwerera dongosolo lakale anakankha gawo bourgeois a mtundu wopanduka. The July utasintha mu France mu 1830 nagubuduza osatchuka Charles X napita wachifumu wa msuweni wake lakutali Louis-Philippe. Ziwawa ku Paris anagonja kwa phokoso ku Ulaya ndipo zinachititsa kuti zipolowe ku Germany ndi Poland.

Zonse mwa zochitika zimenezi ndi limasonyeza mu unyolo wina ndipo ananyezimiritsa zamoyo zovuta za anthu mu dziko. M'njira imeneyi, ya French kuukira boma la 1848 - yotero. Iye basi anapitiriza ndondomeko sizingasinthe zimene zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma XIX.

kupondereza bourgeoisie ndi

Onse zolephera Louis Philippe pa mpando wachifumu anali ofanana mu chirengedwe. "Mfumu bourgeois", amene anayamba kulamulira pa funde la maganizo owolowa manja anthu, pa nthawi zambiri kusunthira kutali mfundo zimene ankayembekezera. Ichi ndi chifukwa ulimi mu France.

Anakhalabe zinthu zopweteka ndi ufulu kuti azivota, amene ankavutika kuyambira kugwa kwa Bastille. Ngakhale kuti chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mwayi umenewu unakula, chiwerengero chawo si upambana 1% ya chonse cha anthu. Komanso chofunika pa wakhala anayambitsa, malinga ndi zimene pazikhala kufanana kwa mavoti zimafika. Tsopano, tanthauzo la anthu oponya mavoti ndi anatsimikiza za revenues wake ndi kulipira misonkho ku cuma. Ndondomeko kwambiri wofooka udindo wa bourgeoisie ndi zazing'ono kuti anataya mwayi kuteteza ufulu wawo mu yamalamulo ndi kumana anthu a chiyembekezo, zimene anabweretsa July utasintha mu France.

Mmodzi wa khalidwe khalidwe la mfumu anali inalowa kwa mfundo yachilendo ya la Alliance Woyera, womwenso Russia, Prussia ndi Austria-Hungary. limati onsewa anali monarchies mtheradi, ndi mgwirizano wawo lobbied zofuna za amazikonda anthu otchuka, akuphulikira mu mphamvu.

Corruption July ufumu

Zokonza thupi la boma chiyenera kukhala osadalira pa korona. Komabe, mu kuchita, mfundo imeneyi anagwiriridwa zonse. Mfumu ankalimbikitsa kwa atumiki kazembe ndi owatsatira awo. Mmodzi wa anthu otchulidwa yowala kwambiri litulukira anali Fransua Gizo. Iye anakhala nduna ya Mkati, ndipo kenako mtsogoleri wa boma ndi mwachangu kumbuyo zofuna za mfumu mu thupi chachikulu cha mphamvu.

Gizo chitsekedwe Republican, ankatengedwa kuopseza waukulu kuyitanitsa. Komanso, protege wa Louis-Philippe zatsatirabe malonda a boma, kuwakhulupirira malamulo lalikulu boma (mwachitsanzo ntchito yomanga njanji). mphamvu kuyamwitsa "zawo" ndi zoonekeratu chivundi - bvuto lalikulu la utasintha mu France.

ndondomeko oterowo kungasokoneze moyo wa proletariat, mu mfundo akumanidwa mwayi akaonekere kwa mutu wa boma. Populism mfumu zaka zoyambirira khungu kutsutsana ndi strata m'munsi ya anthu, koma kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wake kale ankadana. Makamaka, atolankhani n'kumupatsa unflattering dzina lakuti "mfumu-peyala" (mfumu kwa zaka zambiri tuchnel).

maphwando reformists

chiyambi lake la ulimi mu France afunika lamulo Fransua Gizo, chiletso msonkhano wotsatira wa kuwatsutsa. Tsiku freethinkers nthawi natenga maonekedwe a maphwando, amene anakhala mmodzi wa zizindikiro za chi. Monga mu dziko panali zoletsa zina pa ufulu wa msonkhano, olimbikitsa kusintha masankho anasonkhana pa matebulo chikondwerero. Chotero maphwando reformists anatenga khalidwe misa, ndi chiletso mmodzi wa iwo anautsa anthu onse matauni. Kulakwitsa anali boma ndi kuopseza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ngati kusamvera.

Pa tsiku la chikondwerero choletsedwa (February 22, 1848) ambirimbiri Paris anaima pa okwatiranawo m'misewu. Gizo pofuna kumwazikana zionetserowo pogwiritsa ntchito National Alonda analephera: asilikali anakana moto pa anthu, ndi ena wa asilikari ndi zonse amaganiza ndi zionetsero za.

Mosanyinyirika ndi renunciation

Izi kusintha kwa zinthu amakakamizidwa Louis Philippe kuvomereza mosanyinyirika za boma tsiku lotsatira, 23 February. Anaganiza kuti atumiki latsopano adzasonkhanitsa Gizo mbali ya kusintha kwa. Zinaoneka kuti kukondera anali atafika pakati pa Boma ndi anthu. Koma usiku panali chochitika zomvetsa chisoni. A alonda asunga nyumba ya Utumiki wa Affairs Internal, khamu la anthu kuwomberedwa.

Kupha anasintha mawu. Tsopano, ku Louis Philippe adamfunsa renunciation. Wosafuna poyesa tsoka, February 24 mfumu antchito. Lamuloli komaliza analengezeratu m'malo mwake mdzukulu wake. Opandukawo sanafune kuona pa mpando wachifumu wa Mfumu ya lotsatira ndipo tsiku lotsatira anathyola mu Komiti ya akuluakulu, kumene zochita za kusintha kwa mphamvu. Kenako anaganiza kuti tikalengeze dziko lipabliki. French kuukira boma anapambana.

kusintha

Mu masiku oyamba a wake boma provisional zinali kuthetsa mikangano ndi anthu. Kufunika waukulu opandukawo anali oyamba a othandiza konsekonse. Maguluwo anyerezera kuti apereke ufulu kuti azivota lonse wamwamuna anthu dziko wafika zaka 21. kukonzanso uku kunali chinthu chenicheni patsogolo. ufulu umenewu sanathe popitilira dziko lililonse padziko lapansi.

Pa nthawi yomweyo proletariat adamfunsa ntchito zilipo komanso kulipidwa. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, kukhazikitsidwa kwa zokambirana dziko lomwe aliyense akhoza kupeza ntchito. Koyamba Lamulira franc 2 patsiku wosakanikirana antchito, koma pa mtengo wa zokambirana kuthandiza Boma sangakwanitse. Pofika m'chilimwe cha ang'onoang'ono anali kusanduka ndi kusintha Patapita chinathetsedwa palimodzi. M'malomwake, zokambirana zoperekedwa kwa lova kulowa usilikali, kapena kukweza chuma a chigawo.

Nthawi yomweyo, zachiwawa kunabuka. Paris chidafundidwa ndi kutilepheretsa kachiwiri. Boma salinso kulamulira zinthu ndipo anaganiza kutumiza asilikali likulu. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti French kuukira boma sali pa panobe, koma zisadzachitikenso yake imapweteka kwambiri. The yimitsira a kugalukira ogwira ntchito, omwe anali wotsogozedwa ndi General Cavaignac zinachititsa zikwi anafa. Magazi pa misewu ya Paris amakakamizidwa utsogoleri wa dziko pa nthawi kusiya kusintha.

chisankho 1848

Ngakhale kuti zinthu chilimwe, Pulezidenti adakali kuonedwa. Kuvota pa December 10 ndipo malinga ndi zotsatira za kupambana kwake zosayembekezereka ndi 75% thandizo chinapeza Lui Napoleon.

Chithunzi cha mphwake wa lodziwika bwino Mfumu anasangalala chifundo cha anthu. Ngakhale mu ulamuliro wa Louis Philippe, ndi emigre wakale anayesa kulanda mphamvu mu dziko. Mu 1840, iye anafika ku Boulogne; kumbali yake anali alonda ambiri a asilikali a. Komabe, ufumuyo analephera anagwidwa ndi Regiment m'dera ndi kuimbidwa mlandu.

Mosiyana ndi ulemu okhwima ku mitundu yonse ya boma Louis Napoleon anangom'patsa moyo kukhala m'ndende. Komabe, iye sanali kuponderezedwa ufulu wawo: ulere kulemba ndi kutulutsa nkhani, ndinalandira alendo.

Udindo wa boma mkaidi analola kuti iye apambane thandizo pambuyo kupasula Mafumu. Ambiri mwa mavoti adali kuponyera kwa mwiniwake kwa anthu wamba ndi ogwira ntchito, imene dzina la Napoleon kum'lemekeza ambiri ndi kukumbukira za m'masiku a ufumuwo.

Zotsatira pa Europe

Europe sangakhale kucheza ndi mumaganiza anthu, zimene zinabweretsa zisinthe wina ku France. Choyamba wosakhutira onse kufalitsa kwa Austria-Hungary, kumene kunachitika osati wa ndale wa dongosolo, koma panali mavuto pakati pa mitundu yonse, ogwirizana boma lalikulu.

The kusiyana zinachitika mu zigawo zingapo dziko la Hungary, Lombardy, Venice. zofunika ofanana: ufulu, kukhazikitsidwa ufulu wa anthu, kuonongeka kwa zotsala za feudalism.

Monga munthu bourgeois zisinthe mu France anapereka chidaliro chosakhutitsidwa Ndime ya anthu mu maiko German. The zochitika chizindikiro cha ku Germany anali anamuuza zionetsero za pogwirizanitsa dziko anthuwo. kupambana wapakatikati anali convening wa nyumba yamalamulo ambiri - Frankfurt yamalamulo komanso chiyembekezo chakuti ya kufufuza.

Komabe, zionetsero European anali kuletsedwa, nafika kanthu, koma popanda kukwaniritsa zotsatira chogwirika. The bourgeois kusintha France kamodzinso anasankha moyo wabwino kuposa zinalephereka zoyesayesa anansi. M'mayiko ena (monga UK ndi Russia) palibe kutsutsidwa kwambiri mphamvu kulibe, ngakhale zifukwa cholinga cha kusakhutira anthu ovutika kusowa kulikonse.

Zotsatira za ku France

Kusintha France, tebulo okuta zaka zambirimbiri za m'ma XIX, analephera kulenga zinthu dongosolo khola ndale. Kodi kudza kwa ulamuliro Lui Bonapart kwa zaka zingapo utsogoleri wake, anatha kugwira chiwembu ndipo ananena mfumu. State wapanga munthu kwambiri kuzungulira pa chitukuko ndi wabwerera kwa zaka zingapo zapitazo. Komabe, zaka maufumu zinatha. Zinachitikira 1848 walola mtundu atagonjetsedwa ku nkhondo ndi Prussia kubwerera dongosolo Republican.