The vuto chosintha: lingaliro ndi mbali yaikulu ya

Monga anatsindika m'mabuku ake, theorists ambiri a kayendedwe chosintha, ndipo koposa zonse V. I. Lenin, kunachitika zinthu - nyengo dziko, abwino kwambiri chiyambi cha zisinthe. Iwo ali zake mbali khalidwe, ndi chidwi kwambiri pa zomwe ndi misa chosintha maganizo ndi kulolerana wa zigawo linafalitsidwa kwambiri magulu oponderezedwa nkhondo kugonjetsa kuti alipo. Kuli kwambiri kwa mkhalidwe chosintha, akhoza amatengedwa kuti zikamera wa zinthu za ndale komanso kwa wogonjetsa kalasi mphamvu patsogolo.

The prerequisites chachikulu cha zinthu chosintha

zinthu chosintha, malinga ndi Lenin, angathe chifukwa zosiyanasiyana zinthu. Mmodzi wa iwo otchedwa "chapamwamba mavuto." Pansi ayenera ankamvetsa zimene makalasi ulamuliro ali akumanidwa mwayi kukhalabe malo lake lalikulu mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi.

Motero, malamulo awo sadzatha kuletsa zonse mkwiyo kukula ndi wosakhutira anthu wamba oponderezedwa. Boma la anthu amene "makalasi chapamwamba" sangakhoze kukhala moyo monga kale, V. I. Lenin m'mabuku ake anafotokoza monga precondition kwa zikamera zochitika chosintha mu dziko.

Koma ena kuposa izo, iye anati, ndi kufunika kukonzekera kuti zinthu zisinthe ndi galimoto yake mphamvu yaikulu - ndi strata m'munsi mwa anthu, zimapanga ambiri ndipo pachikhalidwe chakhala chinthu kuzunzidwa. wofunitsitsa, monga ulamuliro, ndi chifukwa cha chiwerengero cha kukumana ndi mavuto chifukwa cha dontho lakuthwa miyezo ya moyo.

Kuwonjezera pa zifukwa zachuma, chilengedwe cha m'malo amene "wamba" sindikufuna kupitiriza kulekerera dongosolo anakhazikitsa, zimathandiza kulimbikitsa zinthu zopanda chilungamo, anthu kulandidwa okwana misa ndi aggravation za chidani (mitsutso chikhalidwe), ndizo zotsatira za dongosolo la ndale. Kuona kwa mawu imeneyi ikusonyezera yakale. Pamaziko ake analembedwa ndi buku Lenin, okhala zipangizo, ndiye anatumikira monga malangizo nkhondo andale a proletariat lapansi.

Yofunika kwambiri ndi ankaimba ndi zinthu monga isanayambike a magulu anachita, nkhondo kapena kuopseza chiyambi chake, kusakhazikika kwa moyo zoweta kosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zotero .. Chifukwa cha ntchito ya ndale za misa nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwa moti kwa chiyambi cha zochita yogwira chosintha chofunika chokha wamphamvu detonator zokwanira.

Chinthu china kwa zisinthe

Kodi limatsindika chiphunzitso chosintha anayamba ndi Way lonse la anzeru zapamwamba za XIX ndi XX zaka zambiri, chimodzi mwa maziko zakuya za kuonekera kwa zinthu chosintha lagona mu mkangano pakati pa gulu lapansi ndi ubwenzi kupanga. Popeza kufunika kwa mfundo imeneyi chotheka kuti achepetse pa izo mwatsatanetsatane.

Mu mphamvu lapansi ambiri amadziwira monga kuchotsedwa njira yopanga: zida, zida, maofesi kupanga kapena ziwembu dziko ndi kwa ogwira ntchito, chifukwa mphamvu, luso komanso nzeru kuti chomaliza mankhwala amapangidwa. Limodzi ndi njira ambiri patsogolo mbiri ya mphamvu lapansi amakonzedwa, kuyenda njira kwa mitundu ambiri wosazindikira kwa mitundu ya makono ya ulimi zamakono.

Monga mwa magawo onse a chitukuko cha ulimi anthu zambiri ikuchitika pamodzi pakati pa anthu nayo amatipeza kusanduka ubwenzi zina limanenedwa, poyamba pa zonse, malo njira ya ulimi. N'zoonekeratu kuti asapita kupanga ndi magulu zipatso osati mogwirizana ndi mzake, koma modalirana.

Monga anthu akufotokozera asapita kale anakhazikitsa kupanga kukhala lotha ndi kuchita monga ananyema pa magulu lapansi. Ngati m'kupita kwa mbiri m'malo awo achilengedwe ndi watsopano, mkangano likakonzeka mwamtendere. Apo ayi, mavuto kungakhale ndi aggravation cha kusagwirizana chikhalidwe. Ndipo chifukwa pali zinthu chosintha.

Kodi angathe kutumikira monga kutsogolera kukula kwa vuto chosintha?

Ambiri mwa ntchito za Lenin ndi zina theorists otchuka kayendedwe chosintha mulinso kuti zosayembekezereka wa zinthu zimene anthu ali okonzeka kusintha kwakukulu dongosolo alipo, zimadalira osiyanasiyana zikhalidwe ndi ndale. Zikuphatikizapo, koposa zonse, mmene ambiri a zida boma, maudindo a mphamvu imene kalasi ulamuliro, ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, mlingo wa chitukuko cha kalasi ntchito, mlingo wa pophatikizana ake ndi kumabungwe ena a anthu ndi kukhalapo (kapena kusapezeka) wa zomuchitikira ya kulimbana chosintha. Pamene aggravation a moyo ndiponso ndale za dziko kufika pamlingo yovuta, ndipo amalenga zinthu wotchedwa chosintha.

Nkhani ya chitukuko nkhani ya ntchito zambiri Lenin. Mu iwo, ananena, makamaka chakuti zochitika zofanana angakhale osiyana kukula mphamvu ndi chiwerengero cha njira yeniyeni ndi chitukuko. Ndondomeko akuyamba, monga ulamuliro, nayonso mphamvu yaikulu, zimawonedwa m'magulu onse a anthu, ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono chifukwa mavuto a dziko, kenako kuphulika chikhalidwe, kenako anasintha dongosolo chikhalidwe.

Mtengo wa chinthu zotengera malingaliridwe pokonza zinthu zisinthe

Pamene dziko limakhala zizindikiro ndi zoonekeratu zambiri zochitika chosintha, udindo wa chinthu m'maganizo, mwachitsanzo chivomerezocho wa misa chosintha kupanga zofunika kusintha chikhalidwe, wopita ku chiwonongeko kwa kalasi masuku pamutu. Makamaka udindo wake ikukula pa siteji imene kusagwirizana chikhalidwe umalandira mlingo vuto la, chifukwa si inamalizidwadi zisinthe.

Chitsanzo cha zinthu izi zikhoza kukhala ofala ku Russia mu 1859-1861, motero, komanso mu Germany mu 1923. Mu palibe milandu sanadutsitse kuti zisinthe kokha chifukwa kalasi mwapang'onopang'ono sanali wokonzeka kuchita kanthu umalimbana kulanda mphamvu.

Monga woyamba ndipo ngati wachiwiri, zokha kulenga zinthu chosintha, osati kupeza chithandizo chokwanira, pang'onopang'ono kuchepa, ndi mphamvu ya misa unayamba kuda. Pa nthawi yomweyo, makalasi ulamuliro, kupeza mwayi kusunga mphamvu manja awo, ife ayesetsa zolimbitsira ake. Chifukwa cha likutukuka linasintha chosintha anachita Mzere.

Kudziwa ndi zizindikiro kulankhula za zinthu chosintha n'chofunika kwambiri chifukwa zimakhudza lonse pa njira ndi njira za kulimbana kulanda ulamuliro wa kalasi masuku pamutu. Monga zinachitikira m'mbiri zikusonyeza kuyesa chosintha kusintha kwa anthu, kutengeramo pakalibe prerequisites cholinga kuti mathero kugonjetsedwa ndi zinkatanthauza nsembe zosafunika.

Mavuto mu Russia kotala lotsiriza la XIX m'ma

Kodi kutiumba ndi kukhala zinthu chosintha, ndi yabwino kutsatira chitsanzo cha maonekedwe ake mu Russia mu 70s malemu - 80s m'zaka zoyambirira za m'ma XIX. Kuti zinachitika Russian amakhala ndi osakaniza kayendedwe ntchito wamba ndi kulimba kwa anthu wamba ndi, makamaka aluntha, mabwalo ophunzira otchedwa populists.

ntchito yawo ikuchitika ndi maziko a zingapo zotsatira zoipa za chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Ena mwa iwo ndi mitengo wokwera kugula wamba m'dziko landlords, kuwonjezeka mu buku la ntchito ndi njira zina wopondereza kuyambitsa kugwa kwa kalasi ochuluka kuposa mu dziko - alimi.

zinthu anali kukula ndi njala, adanyamuka zigawo zingapo chifukwa zoipa yokolola zaka 1879-1880, komanso zotsatira za posachedwapa inatha wina Chirasha Turkey nkhondo. Imeneyi, ambiri zipolopolo zolinga za akatiputa mphekesera za kusokonekera wopita kudziko posachedwa. Zonsezi zinachititsa chakuti panali zizindikiro bwino nkotheka zisudzo zachilengedwe wamba. zimenezi zochitika zedi adawopa boma, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo anafunafuna kunachitika populists.

Pa nthawi yomweyo palibe chithunzi zochepa pachiswe ukuonekera m'mizinda yambiri. The zotsatira za mavuto azachuma amene chinapululutsa Russia m'ma 70s, zinachititsa ulova yaikulu, monga Motero, ndi kuwonongeka lakuthwa zinthu zakuthupi ambiri a kalasi ntchito.

Kulimbana chosintha monga chotsatira cha mavuto

Zimenezi zinachititsa aggravation ya kulimbana chikhalidwe. Amadziwika kuti kumapeto a 1878 ndi kumayambiriro kwa 1879 kunyanyala 89 ndi 24 Nthawi zina za mawonekedwe zionetsero chikhalidwe akuti mu St. Petersburg, ambiri amene anali chifukwa cha ntchito za bungwe mobisa ya phiko zokomera, amatchedwa "Union mpoto wa anyabasa Russian." Mu 1891, woyamba May Tsiku la proletariat chosintha unachitikira ku Moscow. Kenako, misonkhano iyi oletsedwa, anakonza mu dziko pa May 1, analowa mwambo ndi kukhala mtundu wa ntchito misa ndale.

The vuto chosintha ku Russia mu 1870s mochedwa anali amamva chisoni wapadera chifukwa cha ntchito populists, kale tatchulazi. Koma poyamba, anthu ambiri a m'gulu anaima pa udindo mphwayi ndale, kutanthauza kusintha kwa dongosolo chikhalidwe cha maphunziro a anthu m'mbuyo pafupifupi kwathunthu osaphunzira kumidzi, mu nthawi iyi, maganizo awo asintha kwambiri.

The chifukwa Pambuyo posachedwa unagawanika gulu lonselo la "Land and Ufulu" mu mapiko awiri - gulu la "Narodnaya Volya" ndi ". Black kugawa" Kuyambira tsopano, anthu osankhidwa ndi mantha awo kulimbana ndale. Posachedwapa, Russia anautsa ndipo analandira lonse tcheru anthu angapo zochita ikuchitika mwa iwo.

Nkhani m'gulu Pofuna Zasulich pa St. Petersburg meya F. F. Trepova anachita kwa iye mu 1878, kupha mkulu wa mmodzi wa Gendarmerie N. V. Mezentsova, komanso milandu angapo kukana zida maulamuliro zomwe zinachititsa kuti wovulalayo monga ndi pa dzanja ena. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa onse ankafuna wina Alexander II mu April 1879 ndipo kenako kupha wake, wachita March 1, 1881.

Akamaliza nthawi yotsatira ya chosintha kulimbana

Ikufanana ndi ili, kuyambira m'chaka cha 1878 zikuchepa limasonyeza ndi mavuto mu makalasi ulamuliro, makamaka mu pempho Alexander II kwa anthu thandizo polimbana ndi mawu onse kuchuluka kwa chosintha maganizo, zemstvos ambiri kwa iye ndi makalata anasonyeza podzudzula ndondomeko.

Osati kupeza thandizo kwa anthu, mfumu anayesa matenda zinthu kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira mwadzidzidzi. Anakauza milandu zokhudza uchigawenga ndale, akuwayang'anira a mabwalo a karate ndi mlandu kasamalidwe abwanamkubwa wamkulu m'deralo, omwe yomweyo zinachititsa kuti siyana za boma.

Koma anatsatira kuphedwa kwa Alexander II kumangidwa kuchichepetsa mphamvu za anthu, ndi wosagwirizana misa waukulu anthu salola kuti agwiritse ntchito zinthu chosiyana kupasula dongosolo alipo. Pankhaniyi, oopsa udindo ankaimba ndi kulephera kwawo kuukitsa anthu kumenya nkhondo pogwiritsa ntchito zonse zilipo chakumbuyo. M'mawu ena, iye anafotokoza chinthu zotengera malingaliridwe kwambiri, zomwe mwakambirana pamwamba.

Russia madzulo a zisinthe

Ndithu mosiyana kusanduka zochitika apafupi ndi February utasintha (1917 ) ndi kulanda wotsatira wa mphamvu ndi Bolsheviks. Kuti timvetse chitsanzo cha zinthu zinachitika, ayenera kuganizira chilengedwe imene inachitikira, ndipo kuwunika zotuluka pa gulu lawo mwachindunji.

Madzulo a zimene zinachitika kwa chiwonongeko cha zinthu tsarist chosintha mu Russia anayamba chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo cholinga. Choyamba, iwo aloledwa kutsutsana imene inachititsa Choyamba Russian utasintha ya 1905-1907. Makamaka, inakwaniritsidwa pa nkhani dziko, pakati pa mavuto ambiri ofunika, ngakhale kuti boma kulikonza ilo ndi kukhazikitsa agrarian kusintha P. A. Stolypina.

Komanso, mmodzi wa detonators zochitika wotsatira anali hyperinflation anabwera chifukwa cha Kalanga kwambiri wa First World nkhondo ndi chakuti zake zinatumizidwa pa dera la Russia, polankhula m'madera ambiri kwambiri chonde. Izi amayambitsidwa lalikulu kusowa mizinda chakudya, ndi m'midzi zinachititsa kuti njala.

Nkhondo monga detonator utasintha

Udindo wa First World nkhondo mu mphamvu ya kukula kwa mavuto chikhalidwe ndi kulenga zinthu chosintha kwambiri mkulu. Wokwanira kuti chiwerengero cha akufa m'dziko lake anakwana anthu 3 miliyoni, umene pafupifupi 1 miliyoni - anali anthu wamba.

kungasokoneze pa maganizo anthu wamba ndi yolimbikitsa ambiri, zomwe zinachititsa kuti anthu 15 miliyoni, makamaka m'mudzimo, anakakamizika kuvula magazi awo zofuna yachilendo kwa iwo. The kusafuna wamba kulimbana mwaluso anagwiritsa ntchito zokopa amene ndikutumiza mayunitsi ankhondo amene anamenyera magulu kutsogolera zandale: ndi Bolsheviks, ndi Cadets, Socialist-Chiwukirano Party (SRs), etc ...

Pa First World nkhondo, panali kwambiri kuchepa kwa mafakitale, chifukwa umene unali kuchotsedwa kwa ambiri a antchito ndi ulova wotsatira. Zonse zochitika pamwamba zinachititsa chakuti zinthu zachitika mu dziko limene "m'munsi makalasi", amapanga mbali yaikulu ya anthu ake, sakonda kukhala njira yakale. Ichi chinali chimodzi mwa zifukwa za zinthu chosintha.

Pakati kusintha awiri

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo "pamwamba" anafuna kusintha, kusowa chinali chifukwa cha kufooka kwa boma tsarist mawu andale ndi azachuma. njira zakale boma bwino otha ntchito ndipo si mwayi kugwira lalikulu bourgeoisie mphamvu. Motero, ndipo chigawo chachiwiri cha zikamera zochitika chosintha mu dziko - "pamwamba" sangakhale mu njira yakale.

Buku Lenin, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa lofalitsidwa mu nyengo ya Soviet, mwadzaza zipangizo kuti atsimikizire irreversibility wa dziko inayamba mu ndondomeko chosintha. Ndithudi, tsiku lililonse, iye anayamba ndi nthawi kuwonjezeka mphamvu zinachititsa kuti kugwa kwa Mafumu.

Malinga ndi nkhani yofanana ndi onse mu 1917, Russia anali "otentha cauldron ndale." Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chakuti February zisinthe sanali kuthetsa mtundu waukulu mavuto ake ndiponso ndale. Amene adadza kwa mphamvu monga Provisional boma kuchokera m'masiku oyambirira anasonyeza kufooka kwawo ndi kulephera wathunthu zimakhudza njira zikuchitika m'dzikoli.

Kumanzere, ndipo Socialist-Chiwukirano Party - yaikulu pa nthawi imeneyo, bungwe landale la Russia, pali anthu oposa miliyoni mabungwe ake. Ngakhale kuti nthumwi zake unachitikira malo ofunika kwambiri pa nyumba ambiri boma komanso analephera kupereka njira yothetsera mavuto ndi chifukwa anataya atsogoleri andale.

Party availing wokha zinthu chosintha

The chifukwa amasungidwa dziko anapezerapo mwayi zochitika chosintha m'njira yake, ntchito Bolsheviks. Awo Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, atalephera lingasinthe mbali yaikulu ya Petrograd asilikali ndi amalinyero a Kronstadt, mu October anagwira mphamvu kwa zaka zambiri, ataima pa mutu wa boma.

Komabe, kungakhale kulakwa kukhulupirira kuti pa zaka za ulamuliro wa kudziko sapeka zinthu zimene zili pafupi ndi chosintha. Ngati mu 30s wa boma latsopano anatha pafupifupi mwathunthu kuletsa zimasonyeza wosakhutira chikhalidwe, zaka khumi za m'mbuyomo kwadziwika ndi zisudzo angapo antchito onse ndi anthu wamba amene anali osakhutira ndi mbali zambiri za mfundo zoweta anathamangitsa ndi boma.

Kukakamizidwa collectivization, ndi impoverishment ya anthu, komanso miyeso kuponderezedwa ndi kumabungwe lonse la anthu akhala zifukwa mavuto kuwonjezeka chikhalidwe, zinadzala ndi kuphulika ndi. Komabe, ntchito zosiyanasiyana miyeso chochokera kukopa maganizo ntchito asilikali, achikomyunizimu nthawi iliyonse anakwanitsa kutenga vutoli.