Tizilombo zokolola za m'chilengedwe

Chaka chilichonse anthu ayamba depletes chuma padzikoli. N'zosadabwitsa kuti zaposachedwapa ndi kufunika kwambiri kuti awunike momwe chuma ambiri akhoza kupereka biocoenosis makamaka. Lero, zokolola topezeka n'kofunika posankha njira kasamalidwe, chiwerengero cha mankhwala akhoza zopezera mwachindunji zimatengera zachuma kuthekera ntchito.

Apa nkhani yaikulu kuti panopa akukumana asayansi:

• Kodi mphamvu ya dzuŵa yochuluka alipo ndiponso mmene zambiri anaphatikizana ndi zomera monga anayeza?
• Mu mitundu ina ya m'chilengedwe ndi ntchito yaikulu yomwe ambiri a ulimi chachikulu?
• Kodi mfundo zoletsa chiwerengero cha mankhwala chachikulu kwawoko komanso padziko lonse?
• Kodi dzuwa ndi zomwe mphamvu munatembenuka mwa zomera?
• Kodi pali kusiyana pakati pa dzuwa kuloŵerera, kupanga zotsukira ndi ntchito zachilengedwe zimene?
• Monga zilili panopa amasiyana kuchuluka kapena buku la zotsalira zazomera wa zamoyo autotrophic?
• Mphamvu zochuluka bwanji ndi kupezeka kwa anthu ndi Nanga tingagwiritse ntchito?

Tidzayensa osachepera pang'ono kuwayankha m'nkhani ino. Choyamba, tiyeni kuthana ndi mfundo zofunika kwambiri. Choncho, zokolola za topezeka ndi ndondomeko kudzikundikira organic pamlingo winawake. Kodi zamoyo ndi udindo ntchito imeneyi?

Autotrophs ndi heterotrophs

Ife tikudziwa kuti ena zamoyo amatha lithe mamolekyulu organic ku precursors zochita kupanga. Iwo amatchedwa autotrophs, kutanthauza "kudziletsa kudya". Ndipotu zokolola za m'chilengedwe zimatengera ndendende ntchito zawo. Autotrophs umatchedwanso alimi monga yaikulu. Zamoyo kuti amatha kutulutsa zovuta mamolekyulu organic ku zinthu yosavuta zochita kupanga (madzi, CO2), ambiri a kalasi ya zomera, koma nzeru wogwidwa ndi ena mabakiteriya. The njira imene iwo lithe organic, wotchedwa photochemical kaphatikizidwe. Monga n'zosavuta kumvetsa ku dzina, dzuwa amafuna dzuwa.

Tiyenera kutchura njira, lotchedwa chemosynthesis. Ena autotrophs makamaka apadera mabakiteriya kuti angathe kutembenuza zochita kupanga zakudya mu mankhwala organic popanda kupeza kuwala. Pali magulu angapo a mabakiteriya chemosynthetic mu nyanja ndi madzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu mapangidwe ndi okhutira mkulu wa sulfide wa hydrogen kapena sulfa. Monga zomera wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi zamoyo zina amatha kaphatikizidwe photochemical, zamoyo chemosynthetic - autotrophs. Komabe, zokolola za topezeka lotchedwa ntchito kwambiri zomera, kuyambira ndi udindo kudzikundikira nkhani oposa 90% organic. Chemosynthesis n'chofunikira yakusatetezeka ang'onoang'ono.

Nthawiyi, zamoyo zambiri mungapeze mphamvu zofunika, koma kudya zamoyo zina. Iwo akutchedwa heterotrophs. Mfundo iwo ndi zomera zonse yemweyo (iwonso "kudya" organic wokonzeka), nyama, mabakiteriya, nkhungu ndi tizilombo. Heterotrophic umatchedwanso "ogula."

Ntchito ya zomera

Childs, mawu akuti "zokolola" kukutanthauza kuti luso zomera kusunga wina kuchuluka kwa organic nkhani. Ndipo zimenezi si zodabwitsa, kuyambira yekha mbewu zamoyo angathe kutembenuza zinthu zochita kupanga mu organic. Popanda moyo padziko lathuli sizikanatheka choncho zokolola za topezeka kudera amaona mmene izi. Ambiri, funso lophweka: Nanga kwambiri pa nkhaniyi organic akhoza M'sitolo zomera?

Kodi biocenoses ndi asonyeza?

Oddly zokwanira, koma zopangidwa biocenoses si asonyeza. Nkhalango, zithaphwi, nkhalango yaikulu mitsinje otentha chikutanthauza ali kutali patsogolo. Komanso, biocenoses izi n'chongoletsa kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa poizoni amene, kamodzinso, kugwera mu chikhalidwe cha zochita za anthu, komanso kupanga oposa 70% ya mpweya zili mu chikhalidwe cha lathuli. Mwa njira, mu mabuku ambiri ananena kuti asonyeza "dengu la mkate" Dziko Lapansi ndi nyanja. Oddly zokwanira, koma mawu awa ali kutali kwambiri ndi Choonadi.

"Ocean chododometsa"

Inu mukudziwa, kufananitsidwa ndi zokolola zamoyo topezeka a m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja? Ndi theka-zipululu! yambiri zotsalira zazomera chifukwa chakuti ndi malo madzi zimakhala mbali yaikulu padziko lathuli. nthawi zambiri ntchito ananeneratu za nyanja ndiwo zakudya lonse la anthu mu zaka zikubwerazi, izo si zotheka, chifukwa kuthekera chuma ichi ndi otsika. Komabe, dzuwa otsika a mtundu umenewu topezeka mu zosatheka kumawononga kufunika kwa nyanja chifukwa moyo wa zamoyo zonse, choncho akufunika kukhala ndi chitetezo ngati njira bwino nkotheka.

zachilengedwe amakono amanena kuti mphamvu zaulimi ali kutali siutha, ndipo m'tsogolo tidzatha kulandira iwo kukolola wochuluka. ziyembekezo apadera zikumangidwa pa minda mpunga, amene angathe kupereka chuma cha nkhani wapatali organic chifukwa makhalidwe yake yapadera.

mfundo zikuluzikulu za zokolola za machitidwe kwachilengedwenso

Ambiri, topezeka kudera limanenedwa mlingo zokolola za dzuwa ndi kudzikundikira organic mu biocenosis anapatsidwa. Kuti misa organic, amene analengedwa pa unit wa nthaŵi zonse kupanga yaikulu. Kuchifotokoza njira ziwiri: kaya Joules kapena kulemera youma zomera. Gross mankhwala otchedwa buku analenga ake chomera zamoyo kwa yeniyeni unit wa nthawi, pa mlingo zonse photosynthesis. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo zina izi adzapita pa moyo wa zomera okha. Enawo ndiye organic - ukonde yaikulu zokolola za topezeka kudera. Kuti pankhani ya chakudya heterotrophic, monga inu ndi ine.

Kodi pali "chapamwamba malire" kupanga yaikulu?

Mwachidule, ndi "inde." Tiyeni tione mwachidule mmene kwenikweni, mfundo, ndi ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Kumbukirani kuti mphamvu cheza dzuwa kufika padziko lapansi, zimadalira malo: The pazipita mphamvu linanena bungwe khalidwe la woyendera nthambi yamphamvu. Iwo amachepetsa exponentially pamene tikuyandikira mitengoyo. Pafupifupi theka la mphamvu dzuwa zimaonekera ndi ayezi, chipale chofewa, nyanja kapena zipululu, odzipereka mpweya mu mlengalenga. Mwachitsanzo, mumlengalenga ozoni zimatenga pafupifupi onse dzuwa limakhala lamphamvu! Theka la kuunika imene imagwera pa masamba a zomera ntchito zimene photosynthesis. Kotero kuti zokolola zamoyo zimadalirana - chifukwa cha kusintha mbali zonyozeka za mphamvu ya dzuwa!

Kodi kupanga yachiwiri?

Choncho, mankhwala sekondale otchedwa consuments kukula (ie, makasitomala) kwa nthawi iliyonse ya nthawi. Inde, zokolola za topezeka chimadalira pa iwo akanayesetsa kwambiri wamng'ono, koma Zoonadi zotsalira zazomera imeneyi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu moyo wa munthu. Onani kuti organics sekondale anayesedwa padera pa mulingo uliwose trophic. Choncho, mitundu zokolola topezeka anawagawa mitundu iwiri: za pulaimale ndi sekondale.

Chiŵerengero kupanga pulayimale ndi sekondale

Mukhoza ndikuganiza, chiŵerengero cha amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni ndi chomera misa okwana ndi ochepa. Ngakhale mu nkhalango ndi m'madambo a mlingo izi kawirikawiri kuposa chizindikiro cha 6.5%. The zomera zina herbaceous m'deralo, ndi apamwamba mlingo wa kudzikundikira organic ndi wamkulu kulakwika.

Mlingo wa mapangidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu organic

Nthawi zambiri kuchepetsa mlingo wa mapangidwe organic kanthu chiyambi yaikulu yozungulira kwathunthu pa chikhalidwe cha zida photosynthesis ya zomera (ndime). Mtengo pazipita Mwachangu wa dzuwa, limene akwaniritsa zasayansi, ndi 12% ya ndime ya. Zinthu zachilengedwe, mtengo wa 5% imatengedwa kwambiri ndi pafupifupi zimachokeradi. Akukhulupirira kuti kutengedwa mu dzuwa dziko alibe upambana 0.1%.

Kufalitsidwa kwa kupanga choyambirira

Tikumbukenso kuti zokolola za topezeka zachilengedwe - chidutswa omangidwa kwambiri kudutsa dziko. Kulemera okwana mankhwala onse organic imene imagwiritsidwa padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse cha dongosolo la matani biliyoni 150-200. Kumbukirani zimene tanena za zokolola za m'nyanja pamwamba? Choncho, 2/3 ya mankhwala anapanga pa dziko! Tangoganizani chimphona, ndalama yaikulu kwambiri mawonekedwe hydrosphere katatu zochepa organic kuposa chidutswa ting'onoting'ono m'dziko, mbali yaikulu ya amene ali mchipululu!

Oposa 90% ya nkhani anasonkhanitsa organic mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena pankhani ya chakudya zamoyo heterotrophic. Gawo chabe kakang'ono ya dzuwa mphamvu kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a humus nthaka (komanso mafuta ndi malasha, mapangidwe imene ngakhale lero). Pa gawo la kupanga yaikulu akupeza m'dziko lathu kuyambira makilogalamu 20 / ha (pafupi Ocean Arctic) kuti makilogalamu oposa 200 / ha mu Caucasus. M'madera chipululu, mtengo uwu si upambana 20 m'ma / ha.

Mfundo pafupifupi zofanana kwa m'zigawo zisanu za dziko ofunda mwamphamvu wathu mafuta, pafupifupi: ku America South zomera amasonkhana ndi nthawi theka wamkulu nkhani youma, chifukwa zinthu zabwino nyengo. zokolola Pali wa zachilengedwe ndi zimadalirana yokumba pazipita.

Amene amapereka mphamvu kwa anthu?

Pafupifupi 1.4 biliyoni mahekitala ali pamwamba pa dziko m'minda yathu nalo zomera munthu zingatipatse chakudya chanu. Ndi - pafupifupi 10% ya zachilengedwe za padzikoli. Oddly zokwanira, koma theka analandira kupanga amapita mwachindunji anthu mowa. onse ntchito ngati chakudya kwa ziweto ndi zosowa za cigawo (a mafuta si chakudya). Asayansi akhala akuchenjeza: ndi zokolola ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni zinthu zachilengedwe lathuli woperekedwa zosaposa 50% mavuto a anthu mapuloteni ndi. Mwachidule, theka la anthu onse padziko lapansi amakhala ku zinthu akusowa aakulu mapuloteni.

Biocenosis-akatswiri

Monga ife tanena kale, ndi zokolola kwambiri yodziwika ndi nkhalango yamphamvu. Tangoganizani pa mahekitala wina wa dera zachilengedwe imachititsa matani oposa 500 pa nkhaniyi youma! Ndipo ichi si malire. Mu Brazil, mwachitsanzo, mahekitala wina wa nkhalango umabala pakati pa 1,200 ndi 1,500 matani (!) Mwa nkhani organic kwa chaka! Tangoganizani pa mita lalikulu kwa quintals awiri a organic! Mu Titafika pamalo pa malo omwewo aumbike osapitirira 12 m, ndi nkhalango apakatikati Mzere - mkati mamita 400 Izi mwakhama ntchito minda ziweto anthu m'madera :. Ntchito yokumba topezeka m'munda wa nzimbe, zomwe angathe kudziunjikira matani 80 a nkhani youma mahekitala mbewu kwina kulikonse sadzatha kwa thupi. Komabe, wosiyana pang'ono kwa kumalo awo Orinoco, Mississippi, komanso ena m'dera la Chad. Apa, kwa chaka cha topezeka kudera "kupereka" matani 300 a zinthu pa mahekitala!

zotsatira

Choncho, zokolola ziyenera ayenera idzachitika ndendende pa chinthu chachikulu. Popeza kuti mankhwala sekondale si oposa 10% ya mtengo uwu, phindu lake zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri, ndipo chitani motero tipende mwatsatanetsatane za chizindikiro ichi sangathe.